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I've done a few projects so far, and i've noticed that every single one i've written entirely without any exception handling, then at the end I do a lot of tests and handle them all.
is it right? i get thousands of exceptions while testing (which I fix right away) that if i've handled it i wouldn't see exactly where it is(when not using breakpoints or displaying it anywhere.. but it doesn't seem as practical) So I fix issues by checking any exceptions, then in the end I handle them anyway for any possible one that might have escaped (of course).
What about you? when do you guys take care of exceptions ?
Personally, I always define a global unhandled exception manager appropriate to the application type and have that log and email exceptions to my dev team. During QA, we'll then start to add specific exception management to routines that have predictable (and recoverable) issues. In every case possible, we add defensive programming code so that exceptions don't happen at all. (There's no need to trap an exception if you can test before you try code that could fail.)
My apps tend to end up with lots of defensive code (which should be built in from the start) and only some specific exception handling.
I prefer test-driven development. If there is an expected error condition, then test for it. If an unexpected error crops up, make a test for it, then fix it.
I would say that this is backwards (but common).
You might want to look into test driven development, and test first design
Hint: think of a behavior, write code to test for it, add it to your application.
I would definitely consider the exceptions thrown as you develop each interface and module.
That way you can test that they're reliably thrown (when you expect and not when you don't). Components consuming these components can then be written to be aware of these exceptions and handle (or not as they require).
It seems to me that you're ignoring some functionality of the components you're developing. I'll virtually always test for both correct functionality and the exceptional circumstances, to cover as many scenarios as I can as early as I can.
The answer to this one is a very clear "it depends".
You need to look at the specific situation; is an exception being thrown in a specific piece of code where it's possible to recover or handle the "exceptional" situation resulting in the exception being thrown? In that case, yes, catch the exception and deal with it at that level.
On the other hand, are you talking about non-recoverable errors? Then sure, catch them at a more global level, or possibly not at all (ie if there's nothing you can do about the exception, why are you catching it?)
The rule for where to catch exceptions usually is: wherever is the place you can meaningfully handle them.
Sometimes it depends upon the technology or target platform. I usually prefer an exception handling layer that takes care of all the exceptions. Each and every block of code is inside a try catch block.
Bottom line is that no exception should get caught by the OS or any other entity outside the program or code.
The beauty of exceptions compared to say returning error codes from API's is that you don't have to check for exceptions at every layer in your code. You can catch specific exceptions to determine specific error conditions and perhaps handle the error or rethrow a more appropriate exception. You also have to catch exceptions at a high level in your application to avoid unhandled exceptions.
One thing to note is that generally the user of the exception is the developer and not the end-user. The later normally doesn't appreciate the technical details of exceptions.
The most common thing I've seen is developers making a conscious choice as to what level to handle exceptions, and allow them to be thrown. Typically it will be at the level of a worker thread, or a high level of business logic. Allow the exceptions to happen, and have a blanket method of handling / logging them and protecting the user from them.
Timing is the only difference between what typically happens and what you do. Plan for it in your applications from the beginning, and do exception handling at high levels.
Fixing specific exceptions is done via your method of fix it when it's a problem. Sometimes a library I use will needlessly use exceptions to communicate information, and I will add specialized exception handling around all calls to that library. Often I will do this in a wrapper class that hides the implementation and exception handling from the rest of my application.
This is just a general design question. If you are developing a business component or service, (e.g. an object/service that exposes a relatively simple interface for handling billing transactions), what are some good ways to handle business-related errors?
Say the component/service must integrate with a few different external web services that all report back different errors, and must also do some database work on your side. There are many different things that can go wrong, both network/database-wise and business rule-wise. Would it be better to try to catch all types of errors within the component and report them back to the caller using an error-code scheme, or try to wrap all errors into various types of exceptions and throw them on to the caller.
This seems to be a struggle, because it gets awkward to deal with the business rule checks using exceptions, and I've read in several places to avoid using exceptions to control "non-exceptional" or business-logic flows. I feel that "exceptional" is often a debatable term, and it gets sticky trying to keep different cases defined as "exceptional" vs. "non-exceptional." (e.g. if your business logic checks for spending limits, age limitations, etc.). At the same time, using an error-code scheme is also awkward, because the caller might choose to ignore the error codes.
Any tips or references would be appreciated!
I'd go for the error code scheme, because you said "many different things that can go wrong". You might want to have a scheme that returns a List of Error objects, where Error would encapsulate the code, explanation, original data, etc.
An exception can only tell one thing that's wrong, and it should be of an "exceptional" nature, not a run-of-the-mill problem.
Or perhaps a hybrid where you throw an exception that has a List of Error objects as a private data member and an access method that lets you iterate over the errors.
Business related errors should not be exeptions. Exceptions are there if there is an event in the program that the program is not designed to handle or completly unforseen.
To this end, if you anticipate a large number of different exceptions, by all means implement some useful numbering scheme. Here I would recommend a guid for the reason of component reuse. Every component should expose some interface to query the list of possible exception numbers (this can then be added to a data store for documentation). Also as you reuse components, error codes will not conflict.
User or business data errors on the other hand almost warrant some numbering scheme. There is almost no way to anticipate all the silly things a user is capable of. However, I would strongly discourage formal language exceptions in favour of some custom error object. Language exceptions may incur significant overhead, or require specialized handling to prevent them from propogating up the call stack. A business error object may very well be a nice way to go.
Services are borderline, especially if they have to be hit from various languages that may not handle SOAP exceptions properly. There are also security concerns if it's on the WWW.
If it's not a service, is internal, and/or will be accessed by clients in known languages, use exceptions to handle failure conditions. Clients are not guaranteed to check error codes.
See
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms229030.aspx
for a great discussion of this. (It's also in the book Framework Design Guidelines.)
There's absolutely nothing that could prevent you from making both business rules and technical rules violations exceptions. I'd use exceptions in two cases:
Precondition violation. If your function's specification says "the amount spent should not exceed the limit for this type of account", and user, knowing this, specifies greater limit anyway, throw the exception right into him!
Postcondition violation. If all preconditions are met, but due to unexpected denial (database connection, for example; or completion of the transaction violates anti-monopoly law) you can't supply the correct result, do not supply it. Throw an exception.
Since all business logic probably is within one component and doesn't rely on anything else, case 2 for business exceptions is quite rare. And what falls into case 1 should be checked for in the front-end application. This makes me think that the approach of not throwing business-logic exceptions is not that you "should not do", but likely "you mostly don't need to".
Anyway, from the perspective of the language you're programming, it hardly notices the difference between "technical" and "business" exceptions, so it'll handle them all correctly. Second, exceptions are caught somewhere. I guess, that, from architector's point of view, business and technical exceptions will be caught in the different components. Of course, unless they're effectively uncaught, merely displaying error messages without programmatical handling falls into this category. So the use of the same mechanism won't make you mix these errors.
So, my point is, that if you chose not to repulse exceptions as programming concept, you may use them for business logic as well.
I see a lot of code written where an exception is thrown if a parameter is not in the right form, or whatever. Basically "throw new ...".
What is the benefit of this? The exception can be avoided by checking the parameters (Eg if null, write message back to webpage/winform). Why is this approach not used when an exception is expensive?
Thanks
A few points are worth making here:
First, your supposition that exceptions are expensive is generally untrue - exceptions are, well ... exceptional. They shouldn't be occurring often enough to have any meaningful effect on program performance. And if you are seeing enough exceptions that performance is a problem then you have bigger fish to fry.
Second, a well written class, function or module program should be able to detect and handle invalid input somewhat gracefully. It helps the maintainers and debuggers of the code locate the problems as close to their introduction as possible. If arguments are not checked, they can often result in a failure much later in the code - far removed from the actual error. Debugging such problems can be very painful.
Third, you assume that all code is aware of the context in which it is executed. A method may be deep in a framework or library and have no knowledge of whether it is running in a web application, console app, NT service, etc. Besides, it'a terrible practice to pepper logic to display information about invalid arguments throughout the body of your code - that responsibility should be centralized and controlled - otherwise you UI could easily become a mess of errors interspersed with actual presentation content.
Finally, exceptions allow a program to sometimes handle and recover from a problem rather than exposing it to the user. Don't diminish this capability by directly displaying errors immediately when they occur. Now, granted, most often invalid arguments are a symptom of a programming defect (rather than an environmental or configuration issue) - and so in most cases they can't be handled. But, then again, sometimes they can be handled.
For example, if you're writing a library to be used by code you don't know about or doesn't exist yet, how that error is handled is down to the code that is making the call.
So throwing an exception is a natural thing to do. Allows you to leave the decision on how to handle that error scenario to the caller/consumer.
Throwing an exception:
makes it clear to other programmers that the situation is exceptional
allows software calling the method involved to clearly handle the problem
shows tools and the compiler that the situation is exceptional so that they can assist the programmer
allows information to be passed to handling routines in the exception object itself
Printing strings - well - doesn't, really.
In terms of the 'expense' of an exception, exceptions should only be thrown in exceptional circumstances, i.e. rarely and as part of processing errors - I personally have not come across a situation where the 'expense' of an exception is a problem. More discussion on that point in this question.
This is known as Design by Contract.
The basic idea of Design by Contract is that objects have contracts between them, and if a caller does not fulfill the contract the receiver should fail with an exception rather than trying to guess the callers intention. At the end of the day, this leads to more stable software (in particular when more than one person is writing on project, since then the contract also become contracts between programmers).
PS: An important issue of Design by Contract that is often forgotten is the following. It must be possible for the client to know whether it fulfills the contract or not. So eg, if the contract of a stack is that client may only pop when the stack is not empty there must be an isEmpty method to check that and clients should use that method before calling pop. So this is why code that uses Design by Contract is cluttered with exceptions that are nevertheless never thrown.
It is better to throw an exception if the code will be compiled into a library and reused in multiple applications. In that case the client that calls into the library should handle the exceptions appropriately and report a user friendly message.
There are two main reasons I throw exceptions instead of writing an error message to standard out.
Debugging is easier - I know if the program has exited because of an error. Also, since exceptions in Java can be subclassed, I know exactly what type of error has occurred.
If you write an API, and then decide you want a GUI front-end, perhaps you want to take those exceptions and display them in a message dialog instead of writing them to standard out.
Generally and language-agnostically speaking, it is not correct assumption that exceptions are expensive. It depends on many factors.
Generally, exception is a generic way to signal an error condition and it is independent of any form of presentation. Sending out a page with error message would make the error reporting too tightly coupled with presentation, with UI. It is usually not a good idea in terms of flexible and scalable design.
The question is general and language-agnostic, thus the answer does not go deeply into details.
By the way, depending on a programming language, design of error handling, and number of other factors, approaches can be different. However, it's a good idea to learn about various options:
in C++, in Boost project, error handling guidelines say:
Don't worry too much about the what()
message. It's nice to have a message
that a programmer stands a chance of
figuring out, but you're very unlikely
to be able to compose a relevant and
user-comprehensible error message at
the point an exception is thrown (...)
Krzysztof Cwalina recommends a set of very useful Design Guidelines for .NET but they are in fact language-agnostic like Should Exceptions Carry Error Code Information
Given the guidelines above, after a while of consideration, it is not that clear what such error web page should display, what level of information, very technical or more user-friendly. Using exceptions, it gives more flexibility on various levels of the system as one of rules it catch when you need to handle (i.e. display error) ignore otherwise
Exceptions are, in most environments, easier to write tests for than is stuff written to the console:
it "should reject a negative initial balance" do
Account.new(-1).should raise_error(ArgumentError, "Invalid balance: -1")
end
When should you throw a custom exception?
e.g. I have some code that connects to a server. The code that connects to the server throws an IOException when it fails to connect. In the context of the method it's called, this is fine. It's also fine in the network code.
But as this represents not having a connection (and therefore not working) the exception goes all the way up to the ui. At this stage, an IOException is very ambigous. Something like NoConnectionException would be better.
So, my question is:
At what stage should you catch an exception to instead throw another (custom) exception that better fits the abstraction?
I would expect exceptions to talk in terms of what I've asked the originating method to do. e.g.
read -> ReadException
connect -> ConnectException
buildPortfolio -> FailedToBuildPortfolioException
etc. This abstracts away what's going on under the covers (i.e. are you connecting via sockets etc.). As a general rule, when I create an interface for a component, I often create a corresponding exception or set of exceptions. My interface will be called Component, and my exceptions are usually ComponentException (e.g. RateSource and RateSourceException). It's consistent and easy to export to different projects as a complete component set.
The downside is that you create quite a lot of exceptions, and you may have to perform quite a lot of translations. The upside is that (as you've identified) you get little to no abstraction leakage.
At some point during the hierarchy of method calls (and thus exceptions) you may decide that no recovery can take place (or it's at an inappropriate place) and translate to unchecked exceptions to be handled later.
I know this is tagged as "language-agnostic", but I don't think it really is. Coming from a C++ perspective, I expect very few basic operations to throw an exception - the C++ Standard Library only uses exceptions in a very few places. So my own code is often the first place where exceptions can be generated. In that code, I like a very flat hierarchy - I don't want to be messing with hundreds of catch() clauses later in the code, and have never understood Java and C#'s apparent obsession with creating Baroque heirarchies of class and namespace.
So, for my C++ code - one type of exception, containing a meaningful error message, per library. And one for the final executable.
I think there are two questions hidden here:
a) When should one hide an exception behind a different exception.
b) When should one use a custom exception for this.
a) I'd say: when ever an exception travels across the border of two layers in the application, it should get hidden behind an exception that is more apropriate for the new layer.
Example: because you are doing some remote stuff, you get a ConnectionWhatEverException.
But the caller shouldn't be aware of Connection problems. Since he just wants to get some service performed, so he gets a ServiceOutOfOrderException. The reason for this is: Inside the layer, doing remoting, you might to do something usefull with a ConnectionException (retry, write into a backout queue ..). Once you left that layer, nobody knows how to handle a ConnectionException. But they should be able to decide, what do do, when the Service does not work.
b) When there is no matching existing Exception. There are a couple of useful Exception in Java for example. I use IllegalState and IllegalArgument quite often. A strong argument for a new exception class is, if you have some useful context to provide. For example the name of the service that failed could be an argument of a ServiceFailedException. Just don't create a class for every method call, or anything to that effect. 100 Exception classes aren't a problem, as long as they have different behavior (i.e. at least different fields). If they differ only by name and reside on the same abstraction level, make them one Exception, and put the different names in the message or a single field of that exception class.
c) At least in java there is the discussion about checked exceptions. I wrap those directly in an unchecked one, because I hate the checked kind. But that is more an opinion then advice.
Is there any case where you would get NoConnectionException which isn't caused by an IO issue? Conversely, is knowing whether the cause is IO based or not going to help the client recover sensibly?
When should you throw a custom exception?
I. When you can provide more (diagnostic) information.
Note: this additional information may not be available at the place where the original exception (IOException) was thrown. Progressive layers of abstractions may have more information to add like what were you trying to do which led to this exception?
II. When you must not expose implementation details: i.e. you want the (illusion of?) abstraction to continue.
This may be important when the underlying implementation mechanism can change. Wrapping the underlying exception in a custom exception is a good way of insulating your clients from implementation details (by lifting the level of abstraction)
III. Both I and II
NOTE: Furthermore your clients should be able to tune into the exact level of information they are interested in or rather they should be able to tune out anything they are not interested in. So it's a good idea to derive your custom exceptions from IOException.
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It's my understanding that common wisdom says to only use exceptions for truly exceptional conditions (In fact, I've seen that statement here at SO several times).
However, Krzysztof Cwalina says:
One of the biggest misconceptions about exceptions is that they are for “exceptional conditions.” The reality is that they are for communicating error conditions. From a framework design perspective, there is no such thing as an “exceptional condition”. Whether a condition is exceptional or not depends on the context of usage, --- but reusable libraries rarely know how they will be used. For example, OutOfMemoryException might be exceptional for a simple data entry application; it’s not so exceptional for applications doing their own memory management (e.g. SQL server). In other words, one man’s exceptional condition is another man’s chronic condition.
He then also goes on to say that exceptions should be used for:
Usage errors
Program errors
System failures
Considering Krzysztof Cwalina is the PM for the CLR team at MS I ask: What do you think of his statement?
This sounds over-simplistic, but I think it makes sense to simply use exceptions where they are appropriate. In languages like Java and Python, exceptions are very common, especially in certain situations. Exceptions are appropriate for the type of error you want to bubble up through a code path and force the developer to explicitly catch. In my own coding, I consider the right time to add an exception when the error either can't be ignored, or it's simply more elegant to throw an exception instead of returning an error value to a function call etc.
Some of the most appropriate places for exceptions that I can think of offhand:
NotImplementedException - very appropriate way of designating that a particular
method or function isn't available, rather than simply returning without doing
anything.
OutOfMemory exceptions - it's difficult to imagine a better way of handling this
type of error, since it represents a process-wide or OS-wide memory allocation
failure. This is essential to deal with, of course!
NullPointerException - Accessing a null variable is a programmer mistake, and IMO
this is another good place to force an error to bubble to the surface
ArrayIndexException - In an unforgiving language like C, buffer overflows
are disastrous. Nicer languages might return a null value of some type, or in
some implementations, even wrap around the array. In my opinion, throwing an
exception is a much more elegant response.
This is by no means a comprehensive list, but hopefully it illustrates the point. Use exceptions where they are elegant and logical. As always with programming, the right tool for the right job is good advice. There's no point going exception-crazy for nothing, but it's equally unwise to completely ignore a powerful and elegant tool at your disposal.
For people who write frameworks, perhaps it's interesting.
For the rest of us, it's confusing (and possibly useless.) For ordinary applications, exceptions have to be set aside as "exceptional" situations. Exceptions interrupt the ordinary sequential presentation of your program.
You should be circumspect about breaking the ordinary top-to-bottom sequential processing of your program. The exception handling is -- intentionally -- hard to read. Therefore, reserve exceptions for things that are outside the standard scenarios.
Example: Don't use exceptions to validate user input. People make input mistakes all the time. That's not exceptional, that's why we write software. That's what if-statements are for.
When your application gets an OutOfMemory exception, there's no point in catching it. That's exceptional. The "sequential execution" assumption is out the window. Your application is doomed, just crash and hope that your RDBMS transaction finishes before you crash.
It is indeed difficult to know what exactly construes an "exceptional condition" which warrants the use of an exception in a program.
One instance that is very helpful for using communicating the cause of errors. As the quote from Krzysztof Cwalina mentions:
One of the biggest misconceptions
about exceptions is that they are for
“exceptional conditions.” The reality
is that they are for communicating
error conditions.
To give a concrete example, say we have a getHeader(File f) method that is reading some header from a file and returns a FileHeader object.
There can be several problems which can arise from trying to read data from a disk. Perhaps the file specified doesn't exist, file contains data that can't be read, unexpected disk access errors, running out of memory, etc. Having multiple means of failure means that there should be multiple ways to report what went wrong.
If exceptions weren't used, but there was a need to communicate the kind of error that occurred, with the current method signature, the best we can do is to return a null. Since getting a null isn't very informative, the best communication we get from that result is that "some kind of error happened, so we couldn't continue, sorry." -- It doesn't communicate the cause of the error.
(Or alternatively, we may have class constants for FileHeader objects which indicate FileNotFound conditions and such, emulating error codes, but that really reeks of having a boolean type with TRUE, FALSE, FILE_NOT_FOUND.)
If we had gotten a FileNotFound or DeviceNotReady exception (hypothetical), at least we know what the source of the error was, and if this was an end user application, we could handle the error in ways to solve the problem.
Using the exception mechanism gives a means of communication that doesn't require a fallback to using error codes for notification of conditions that aren't within the normal flow of execution.
However, that doesn't mean that everything should be handled by exceptions. As pointed out by S.Lott:
Don't use exceptions to validate user
input, for example. People make
mistakes all the time. That's what
if-statements are for.
That's one thing that can't be stressed enough. One of the dangers of not knowing when exactly to use exceptions is the tendency to go exception-happy; using exceptions where input validation would suffice.
There's really no point in defining and throwing a InvalidUserInput exception when all that is required to deal in such a situation is to notify the user of what is expected as input.
Also, it should be noted that user input is expected to have faulty input at some point. It's a defensive measure to validate input before handing off input from the outside world to the internals of the program.
It's a little bit difficult to decide what is exceptional and what is not.
Since I usually program in Python, and in that language exceptions are everywhere, to me an exception may represent anything from a system error to a completely legitimate condition.
For example, the "pythonic" way to check if a string contains an integer is to try int(theString) and see if it raises an exception. Is that an "exceptional error"?
Again, in Python the for loop is always thought of as acting on an iterator, and an iterator must raise a 'StopIteration' exception when it finishes its job (the for loop catches that exception). Is that "exceptional" by any means?
I think the closer to the ground are you are the less appropriate exceptions as a means of error communication become. At a higher abstraction such as in Java or .net, an exception may make for an elegant way to pass error messages to your callers. This however is not the case in C. This is also a framework vs api design decision.
If you practice "tell, don't ask" then an exception is just the way a program says "I can't do that". It is "exceptional" in that you say "do X" and it cannot do X. A simple error-handling situation. In some languages it is quite common to work this way, in Java and C++ people have other opinions because exceptions become quite costly.
General: exception just means "I can't"
Pragmatic: ... if you can afford to work that way in your language.
Citizenship: ... and your team allows it.
Here is the definition for exception: An exception is an event, which occurs during the execution of a program, that disrupts the normal flow of the program's instructions.
Therefore, to answer your question, no. Exceptions are for disruptive events, which may or may not be exceptional. I love this definition, it's simple and works every time - if you buy into exceptions like I do. E.g., a user submits an incorrect un/pw, or you have an illegal argument/bad user input. Throwing an exception here is the most straightforward way of solving these problems, which are disruptive, but not exceptional, nor even unanticipated.
They probably should have been called disruptions, but that boat has sailed.
I think there are a couple of good reasons why exceptions should be used to catch unexpected problems.
Firstly, they create an object to encapsulate the exception, which by definition must make it a lot more expensive than processing a simple if-statement. As a Java example, you should call File.exists() rather than routinely expecting and handling a FileNotFoundException.
Secondly, exceptions that are caught outside the current method (or maybe even class) make the code much harder to read than if the handling is all there in in the one method.
Having said that, I personally love exceptions. They relieve you of the need of explicitly handling all of those may-happen-but-probably-never-will type errors, which cause you to repetitively write print-an-error-and-abort-on-non-zero-return-code handling of every method call.
My bottom line is... if you can reasonably expect it to happen then it's part of your application and you should code for it. Anything else is an exception.
I've been wondering about this myself. What do we mean by "exceptional"? Maybe there's no strict definition, but are there any rules of thumb that we can use to decide what's exceptional, in a given context?
For example, would it be fair to say that an "exceptional" condition is one that violates the contract of a function?
KCwalina has a point.
It will be good to identify cases where the code will fail (upto a limit)
I agree with S.Lott that sometimes validating is better than to throw Exception.
Having said that, OutOfMemory is not what you might expect in your application (unless it is allocating a large memory & needs memory to go ahead).
I think, it depends on the domain of the application.
The statement from Krzysztof Cwalina is a little misleading. The original statement refers 'exceptional conditions', for me it is natural that I am the one who defines what's exceptional or not. Nevertheless, I think the message passed through OK, since I think we are all talking about 'developer' exceptions.
Exceptions are great for communication, but with a little hierarchy design they are also great for some separation of concerns, specially between layers (DAO, Business, etc). Of course, this is only useful if you treat these exceptions differently.
A nice example of hierarchy is spring's data access exception hierarchy.
I think he is right. Take a look at number parsing in java. You cant even check input string before parsing. You are forced to parse and retrieve NFE if something went wrong. Is parse failure something exceptional? I think no.
I certainly believe exceptions should be used only if you have an exceptional condition.
The trouble is in the definition of "exceptional". Here is mine:
A condition is exceptional if it is outside the assumed normal
behaviour of the part of the system that raises the exception.
This has some implications:
Exceptional depends on your assumptions. If a function assumes that it is passed valid parameters, then throwing an IllegalArgumentException is OK. However if a function's contract says that it will correct input errors in input in some way, then this usage is "normal" and it shouldn't throw an exception on an input error.
Exceptional depends on sub-system layering. A network IO function could certainly raise an exception if the network is discommented, as it assumes a valid connection. A ESB-based message broker however would be expected to handle dropped connections, so if it used such a network IO function internally then it would need to catch and handle the error appropriately. In case it isn't obvious, try/catch is effectively equivalent to a subsystem saying "a condition which is exceptional for one of my components is actually considered normal by me, so I need to handle it".
The saying that exceptions should be used for exceptional circumstances is used in "Effective Java Second Edition": one of the best java books.
The trouble is that this is taken out of context. When the author states that exceptions should be exceptional, he had just shown an example of using exceptions to terminate a while loop - a bad exception use. To quote:
exceptions are, as their name implies, to
be used only for exceptional conditions; they should never be used for ordinary
control flow.
So it all depends on your definition of "exception condition". Taken out of context you can imply that it should very rarely be used.
Using exceptions in place of returning error codes is good, while using them in order to implement a "clever" or "faster" technique is not good. That's usually what is meant by "exceptional condition".
Checked exception - minor errors that aren't bugs and shouldn't halt execution. ex. IO or file parsing
Unchecked exception - programming "bug" that disobeys a method contract - ex. OutOfBoundsException. OR a error that makes continuing of execution a very bad idea - ex IO or file parsing of a very important file. Perhaps a config file.
What it comes down to is what tool is needed to do the job.
Exceptions are a very powerful tool. Before using them ask if you need this power and the complexity that comes with it.
Exceptions may appear simple, because you know that when the line with the exception is hit everything comes to a halt. What happens from here though?
Will an uncaught exception occur?
Will the exception be caught by global error handling?
Will the exception be handled by more nested and detailed error handling?
You have to know everything up the stack to know what that exception will do. This violates the concept of independence. That method now is dependent on error handling to do what you expect it to.
If I have a method I shouldn't care what is outside of that method. I should only care what the input is, how to process it, and how to return the response.
When you use an exception you are essentially saying, I don't care what happens from here, something went wrong and I don't want it getting any worse, do whatever needs to be done to mitigate the issue.
Now if you care about how to handle the error, you will do some more thinking and build that into the interface of the method e.g. if you are attempting to find some object possibly return the default of that object if one can't be found rather than throwing some exception like "Object not found".
When you build error handling into your methods interface, not only is that method's signature more descriptive of what it can do, but it places the responsibility of how to handle the error on the caller of the method. The caller method may be able to work through it or not, and it would report again up the chain if not. Eventually you will reach the application's entry point. Now it would be appropriate to throw an exception, since you better have a good understanding of how exceptions will be handled if you're working with the applications public interface.
Let me give you an example of my error handling for a web service.
Level 1. Global error handling in global.asax - That's the safety net to prevent uncaught exceptions. This should never intentionally be reached.
Level 2. Web service method - Wrapped in a try/catch to guarantee it will always comply with its json interface.
Level 3. Worker methods - These get data, process it, and return it raw to the web service method.
In the worker methods it's not right to throw an exception. Yes I have nested web service method error handling, but that method can be used in other places where this may not exist.
Instead if a worker method is used to get a record and the record can't be found, it just returns null. The web service method checks the response and when it finds null it knows it can't continue. The web service method knows it has error handling to return json so throwing an exception will just return the details in json of what happened. From a client's perspective it's great that it got packaged into json that can be easily parsed.
You see each piece just knows what it needs to do and does it. When you throw an exception in the mix you hijack the applications flow. Not only does this lead to hard to follow code, but the response to abusing exceptions is the try/catch. Now you are more likely to abuse another very powerful tool.
All too often I see a try/catch catching everything in the middle of an a application, because the developer got scared a method they use is more complex than it appears.