I am extremely new to the programming and to the elixir. So I am very exited to learn as much as I can. But I've got a problem. I looking the way how to use my functions in another module. I am building the web-server which stores the key-value maps in the memory. To keep the maps temporary I've decided to use Agent. Here is the part of my code:
defmodule Storage do
use Agent
def start_link do
Agent.start_link(fn -> %{} end, name: :tmp_storage)
end
def set(key, value) do
Agent.update(:tmp_storage, fn map -> Map.put_new(map, key, value) end)
end
def get(key) do
Agent.get(:tmp_storage, fn map -> Map.get(map, key) end)
end
end
So I'm trying to put this functions to the routes of the web server:
defmodule Storage_router do
use Plug.Router
use Plug.Debugger
require Logger
plug(Plug.Logger, log: :debug)
plug(:match)
plug(:dispatch)
post "/storage/set" do
with {:ok, _} <- Storage.set(key, value) do
send_resp(conn, 200, "getting the value")
else
_ ->
send_resp(conn, 404, "nothing")
end
end
end
And I receive:
warning: variable "key" does not exist and is being expanded to "key()", please use parentheses to remove the ambiguity or change the variable name
lib/storage_route.ex:12
warning: variable "value" does not exist and is being expanded to "value()", please use parentheses to remove the ambiguity or change the variable name
lib/storage_route.ex:12
looking for any suggestions\help
I am extremly new to the programming and to the elixir.
I do not think it is wise to begin learning programming with elixir. I would start with python or ruby, and then after a year or two then I would try elixir.
The first thing you need to learn is how to post code. Search google for how to post code on stackoverflow. Then, you have to get your indenting all lined up. Are you using a computer programming text editor? If not, then you have to get one. There are many free ones. I use vim, which comes installed on Unix like computers. You can learn how to use vim by typing vimtutor in a terminal window.
Next, you have a syntax error in your code:
Agent.start_link(fn -> %{} end, name: :tmp_storage
end)
That should be:
Agent.start_link(fn -> %{} end, name: :tmp_storage)
The warning you got is because your code tries to do the equivalent of:
def show do
IO.puts x
end
Elixir and anyone else reading that code would ask, "What the heck is x?" The variable x is never assigned a value anywhere, and therefore the variable x does not exist, and you cannot output something that is non-existent. You do the same thing here:
with {:ok, _} <- Storage.set(key, value) do
send_resp(conn, 200, "getting the value")
else
_->
send_resp(conn, 404, "nothing")
end
You call the function:
Storage.set(key, value)
but the variables key and value were never assigned a value, and elixir (and anyone else reading that code) wonders, "What the heck are key and value?"
This is the way functions work:
b.ex:
defmodule MyFuncs do
def show(x, y) do
IO.puts x
IO.puts y
end
end
defmodule MyWeb do
def go do
height = 10
width = 20
MyFuncs.show(height, width)
end
end
In iex:
~/elixir_programs$ iex b.ex
Erlang/OTP 20 [erts-9.3] [source] [64-bit] [smp:4:4] [ds:4:4:10] [async-threads:10] [hipe] [kernel-poll:false]
Interactive Elixir (1.6.6) - press Ctrl+C to exit (type h() ENTER for help)
iex(1)> MyWeb.go
10
20
:ok
iex(2)>
So, in your code you need to write something like this:
post "/storage/set" do
key = "hello"
value = 10
with {:ok, _} <- Storage.set(key, value) do
send_resp(conn, 200, "Server saved the key and value.")
else
_->
send_resp(conn, 404, "nothing")
end
end
However, that will store the same key/value for every post request. Presumably, you want to store whatever is sent in the body of the post request. Do you know the difference between a get request and a post request? A get request tacks data onto the end of the url, while a post request sends the data in the "body of the request", so there are different procedures for extracting the data depending on the type of the request.
What tutorial are you reading? This tutorial: https://www.jungledisk.com/blog/2018/03/19/tutorial-a-simple-http-server-in-elixir/, shows you how to extract the data from the body of a post request. The data in the body of a post request is just a string. If the string is in JSON format, then you can convert the string into an elixir map using Poison.decode!(), which will allow you to easily extract the values associated with the keys that you are interested in. For example:
post "/storage/set" do
{:ok, body_string, conn} = read_body(conn)
body_map = Poison.decode!(body_string)
IO.inspect(body_map) #This outputs to terminal window where server is running
message = get_in(body_map, ["message"])
send_resp(
conn,
201,
"Server received: #{message}\n"
)
end
Then you can use the following curl command in another terminal window to send a post request to that route:
$ curl -v -H 'Content-Type: application/json' "http://localhost:8085/storage/set" -d '{"message": "hello world" }'
(-v => verbose output, -H => request header, -d => data)
Now, based on what I said was wrong with your code above, you should be wondering about this line:
{:ok, body_string, conn} = read_body(conn)
That line calls:
read_body(conn)
but the variable conn is not assigned a value anywhere. However, Plug invisibly creates the conn variable and assigns a value to it.
Here is a complete example using Agent to store post request data (following the tutorial I linked above):
simple_server
config/
lib/
simple_server/
application.ex
router.ex
storage.ex
test/
An elixir convention is to have a directory in the lib/ directory with the same name as your project, in this case that would be simple_server, then you give the modules you define names that reflect the directory structure. So, in router.ex you would define a module named SimpleServer.Router and in storage.ex you would define a module named SimpleServer.Storage. However, the . in a module name means nothing special to elixir, so you will not get an error if you decide to name your module F.R.O.G.S in the file lib/rocks.ex--and your code will work just fine.
router.ex:
defmodule SimpleServer.Router do
use Plug.Router
use Plug.Debugger
require Logger
plug(Plug.Logger, log: :debug)
plug(:match)
plug(:dispatch)
get "/storage/:key" do
resp_msg = case SimpleServer.Storage.get(key) do
nil -> "The key #{key} doesn't exist!\n"
val -> "The key #{key} has value #{val}.\n"
end
send_resp(conn, 200, resp_msg)
end
post "/storage/set" do
{:ok, body_string, conn} = read_body(conn)
body_map = Poison.decode!(body_string)
IO.inspect(body_map) #This outputs to terminal window where server is running
Enum.each(
body_map,
fn {key, val} -> SimpleServer.Storage.set(key,val) end
)
send_resp(
conn,
201,
"Server stored all key-value pairs\n"
)
end
match _ do
send_resp(conn, 404, "not found")
end
end
The first thing to note in the code above is the route:
get "/storage/:key" do
That will match a path like:
/storage/x
and plug will create a variable named key and assign it the value "x", like this:
key = "x"
Also, note that when you call a function:
width = 10
height = 20
show(width, height)
elixir looks at the function definition:
def show(x, y) do
IO.puts x
IO.puts y
end
and matches the function call to the def like this:
show(width, height)
| |
V V
def show( x , y) do
...
end
and performs the assignments:
x = width
y = height
Then, inside the function you can use the x and y variables. In this line:
Enum.each(
body_map,
# | | | | |
# V V V V V
fn {key, val} -> SimpleServer.Storage.set(key,val) end
)
Elixir will call the anonymous function passing values for key and val, like this:
func("x", "10")
Therefore, in the body of the anonymous function you can use the variables key and val:
SimpleServer.Storage.set(key,val)
because the variables key and val will already have been assigned values.
storage.ex:
defmodule SimpleServer.Storage do
use Agent
def start_link(_args) do #<*** Note the change here
Agent.start_link(fn -> %{} end, name: :tmp_storage)
end
def set(key, value) do
Agent.update(
:tmp_storage,
fn(map) -> Map.put_new(map, key, value) end
)
end
def get(key) do
Agent.get(
:tmp_storage,
fn(map) -> Map.get(map, key) end
)
end
end
application.ex:
defmodule SimpleServer.Application do
# See https://hexdocs.pm/elixir/Application.html
# for more information on OTP Applications
#moduledoc false
use Application
def start(_type, _args) do
# List all child processes to be supervised
children = [
Plug.Adapters.Cowboy.child_spec(scheme: :http, plug: SimpleServer.Router, options: [port: 8085]),
{SimpleServer.Storage, []}
]
# See https://hexdocs.pm/elixir/Supervisor.html
# for other strategies and supported options
opts = [strategy: :one_for_one, name: SimpleServer.Supervisor]
Supervisor.start_link(children, opts)
end
end
mix.exs:
defmodule SimpleServer.MixProject do
use Mix.Project
def project do
[
app: :simple_server,
version: "0.1.0",
elixir: "~> 1.6",
start_permanent: Mix.env() == :prod,
deps: deps()
]
end
# Run "mix help compile.app" to learn about applications.
def application do
[
extra_applications: [:logger],
mod: {SimpleServer.Application, []}
]
end
# Run "mix help deps" to learn about dependencies.
defp deps do
[
{:poison, "~> 4.0"},
{:plug_cowboy, "~> 2.0"}
# {:dep_from_hexpm, "~> 0.3.0"},
# {:dep_from_git, git: "https://github.com/elixir-lang/my_dep.git", tag: "0.1.0"},
]
end
end
Note, if you use the dependencies and versions specified in the tutorial you will get some warnings, including the warning:
~/elixir_programs/simple_server$ iex -S mix
...
...
12:48:57.767 [warn] Setting Ranch options together
with socket options is deprecated. Please use the new
map syntax that allows specifying socket options
separately from other options.
...which is an issue with Plug. Here are the dependencies and versions that I used to get rid of all the warnings:
{:poison, "~> 4.0"},
{:plug_cowboy, "~> 2.0"}
Also, when you list an application as a dependency, you no longer have to enter it in the :extra_applications list. Elixir will automatically start all the applications listed as dependencies before starting your application. See :applications v. :extra_applications.
Once the server has started, you can use another terminal window to send a post request with curl (or you can use some other program):
~$ curl -v -H 'Content-Type: application/json' "http://localhost:8085/storage/set" -d '{"x": "10", "y": "20" }
* Trying 127.0.0.1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 8085 (#0)
> POST /storage/set HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8085
> User-Agent: curl/7.58.0
> Accept: */*
> Content-Type: application/json
> Content-Length: 23
>
* upload completely sent off: 23 out of 23 bytes
< HTTP/1.1 201 Created
< server: Cowboy
< date: Fri, 30 Nov 2018 19:22:23 GMT
< content-length: 34
< cache-control: max-age=0, private, must-revalidate
<
Server stored all key-value pairs
* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
The > lines are the request, and the < lines are the response. Also, check the output in the terminal window where the server is running.
~$ curl -v http://localhost:8085/storage/z
* Trying 127.0.0.1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 8085 (#0)
> GET /storage/z HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8085
> User-Agent: curl/7.58.0
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< server: Cowboy
< date: Fri, 30 Nov 2018 19:22:30 GMT
< content-length: 25
< cache-control: max-age=0, private, must-revalidate
<
The key z doesn't exist!
* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
.
~$ curl -v http://localhost:8085/storage/x
* Trying 127.0.0.1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 8085 (#0)
> GET /storage/x HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8085
> User-Agent: curl/7.58.0
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< server: Cowboy
< date: Fri, 30 Nov 2018 19:22:37 GMT
< content-length: 24
< cache-control: max-age=0, private, must-revalidate
<
The key x has value 10.
* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
I'm not entirely sure what you're trying to accomplish, but the error is telling you that the key and value that are passed to the router with statement are not defined. Elixir thinks you are trying to call a function with those arguments because they are not "bound" to a value. That is why you are seeing warning: variable "value" does not exist and is being expanded to "value()"
I suppose this is not really an answer but maybe more an explanation of the error you're seeing.
You need to pull the key/value params out of your %Plug.Conn{} object (conn). The key/value variables have not yet been defined within the scope of your route. The conn object is only available because it is injected by the post macro provided by Plug.
I am not quite aware of what type of requests you're submitting to the router, but I'll assume it's JSON as an example. You can manually parse the body in your connection by doing something like:
with {:ok, raw_body} <- Plug.Conn.read_body(conn),
{:ok, body} <- Poison.decode(raw_body) do
key = Map.get(body, "key")
value = map.get(body, "value")
# ... other logic
end
The Plug project, however, provides a nice convenience plug for you to parse request bodies in a generic way: Plug.Parsers.
To implement this in your router, you just have to add the plug to the top of your router (below Plug.Logger I think):
plug Plug.Parsers,
parsers: [:urlencoded, :json]
json_decoder: Poison,
pass: ["text/*", "application/json"]
The :urlencoded part will parse your query parameters and the :json part will parse the body of the request.
Then below in your route, you can get the key/value params from your conn object in the :params key like so:
%{params: params} = conn
key = Map.get(params, "key")
value = Map.get(params, "value")
Also, I should note that the best JSON decoder at the moment is Jason which is basically a drop-in replacement for Poison, but faster.
Anyway, reading hexdocs really helps with figuring this stuff out and the Plug project has great documentation. I think Elixir is a great language to start programming with (although it's essential to learn object-oriented paradigms as well). Happy coding!
I'm performing a request to a foreign API using luasec, lua-socket and converting the data, a JSON string, to a lua table with cjson. I've read the docs of said modules and unfortunately none of it helped me with my problem. Can't link more than 2 websites with current account, sorry.
Summary: I get the response and the appropiate string using the posted request function, when turning said string into a lua table via cjson.decode the output table isn't the desired one, it's a copy of my response header, which is not intentional.
The following code is how I do my request:
local function request (req_t)
local res_t = {}
resp = https.request {
url = const.API_URL .. req_t.url,
method = req_t.method,
headers = req_t.headers,
sink = ltn12.sink.table(res_t)
}
return table.concat(res_t), resp.headers, resp.code
end
Using the following call
local res, headers = request({ ... })
I receive the proper response as a string but my goal is to do data manipulation with it, so turning said response(string) to a lua table with
local resJson = cjson.decode(res)
Does not produce the correct output. It does produce a table which is exactly the same as my response header. Here is the following output from my terminal alongside the code
When out of function type is: string
Desired response in string:
{"total_photos":221926,"photo_downloads":"186029632.0"}
When out of function type is: string
Desired response in string:
{"total_photos":221926,"photo_downloads":"186029632.0"}
After decode, type is: table
server Cowboy
strict-transport-security max-age=31536000
access-control-allow-headers *
x-ratelimit-limit 50
x-ratelimit-remaining 46
x-cache-hits 0, 0
accept-ranges bytes
access-control-request-method *
x-request-id ee5a74fd-2b10-4f46-9c25-5cfc53aeac6c
access-control-expose-headers Link,X-Total,X-Per-Page,X-RateLimit-Limit,X-RateLimit-Remaining
content-type application/json
connection close
content-length 55
fastly-debug-digest f62d52c08b1ef74db89a66a0069f0a35c49e52230567905240dacf08c9ea1813
vary Origin
cache-control no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate
x-timer S1496524765.369880,VS0,VE111
x-cache MISS, MISS
x-served-by cache-iad2123-IAD, cache-mad9429-MAD
via 1.1 vegur, 1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish
date Sat, 03 Jun 2017 21:19:25 GMT
age 0
access-control-allow-origin *
x-runtime 0.011667
Printing header
server Cowboy
strict-transport-security max-age=31536000
access-control-allow-headers *
x-ratelimit-limit 50
x-ratelimit-remaining 46
x-cache-hits 0, 0
accept-ranges bytes
access-control-request-method *
x-request-id ee5a74fd-2b10-4f46-9c25-5cfc53aeac6c
access-control-expose-headers Link,X-Total,X-Per-Page,X-RateLimit-Limit,X-RateLimit-Remaining
content-type application/json
connection close
content-length 55
fastly-debug-digest f62d52c08b1ef74db89a66a0069f0a35c49e52230567905240dacf08c9ea1813
vary Origin
cache-control no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate
x-timer S1496524765.369880,VS0,VE111
x-cache MISS, MISS
x-served-by cache-iad2123-IAD, cache-mad9429-MAD
via 1.1 vegur, 1.1 varnish, 1.1 varnish
date Sat, 03 Jun 2017 21:19:25 GMT
age 0
access-control-allow-origin *
x-runtime 0.011667
Function that produces said log
local res, headers = request({ ... })
print('When out of function type is: ' ..type(res) .. '\n')
print('Desired response in string:')
print(res .. '\n')
resJson = cjson.decode(res)
print('\nAfter decode, type is: ' .. type(resJson) .. '\n')
pTable(resJson)
print('\nPrinting header\n')
pTable(headers)
pTable is just a function to output a table to stdout.
Thanks in advance
Posted function and routines are correct. The problem was located in my print table function, which I somehow had hardcoded my headers.
I am trying to implement a simple GET/POST api via Django REST framework
views.py
class cuser(APIView):
def post(self, request):
stream = BytesIO(request.DATA)
json = JSONParser().parse(stream)
return Response()
urls.py
from django.conf.urls import patterns, url
from app import views
urlpatterns = patterns('',
url(r'^challenges/',views.getall.as_view() ),
url(r'^cuser/' , views.cuser.as_view() ),
)
I am trying to POST some json to /api/cuser/ (api is namespace in my project's urls.py ) ,
the JSON
{
"username" : "abhishek",
"email" : "john#doe.com",
"password" : "secretpass"
}
I tried from both Browseable API page and httpie ( A python made tool similar to curl)
httpie command
http --json POST http://localhost:58601/api/cuser/ username=abhishek email=john#doe.com password=secretpass
but I am getting JSON parse error :
JSON parse error - Expecting property name enclosed in double quotes: line 1 column 2 (char 1)
Whole Debug message using --verbose --debug
POST /api/cuser/ HTTP/1.1
Content-Length: 75
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Host: localhost:55392
Accept: application/json
User-Agent: HTTPie/0.8.0
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
{"username": "abhishek", "email": "john#doe.com", "password": "aaezaakmi1"}
HTTP/1.0 400 BAD REQUEST
Date: Sat, 24 Jan 2015 09:40:03 GMT
Server: WSGIServer/0.1 Python/2.7.9
Vary: Accept, Cookie
Content-Type: application/json
Allow: POST, OPTIONS
{"detail":"JSON parse error - Expecting property name enclosed in double quotes: line 1 column 2 (char 1)"}
The problem that you are running into is that your request is already being parsed, and you are trying to parse it a second time.
From "How the parser is determined"
The set of valid parsers for a view is always defined as a list of classes. When request.data is accessed, REST framework will examine the Content-Type header on the incoming request, and determine which parser to use to parse the request content.
In your code you are accessing request.DATA, which is the 2.4.x equaivalent of request.data. So your request is being parsed as soon as you call that, and request.DATA is actually returning the dictionary that you were expecting to parse.
json = request.DATA
is really all you need to parse the incoming JSON data. You were really passing a Python dictionary into json.loads, which does not appear to be able to parse it, and that is why you were getting your error.
I arrived at this post via Google for
"detail": "JSON parse error - Expecting property name enclosed in double-quotes":
Turns out you CANNOT have a trailing comma in JSON.
So if you are getting this error you may need to change a post like this:
{
"username" : "abhishek",
"email" : "john#doe.com",
"password" : "secretpass",
}
to this:
{
"username" : "abhishek",
"email" : "john#doe.com",
"password" : "secretpass"
}
Note the removed comma after the last property in the JSON object.
Basically, whenever you are trying to make a post request with requests lib, This library also contains json argument which is ignored in the case when data argument is set to files or data. So basically when json argument is set with json data. Headers are set asContent-Type: application/json. Json argument basically encodes data sends into a json format. So that at DRF particularly is able to parse json data. Else in case of only data argument it is been treated as form-encoded
requests.post(url, json={"key1":"value1"})
you can find more here request.post complicated post methods
Sample code:
sub record_put :Private {
my ( $self, $c, #args ) = #_;
$c->log->info( join ', ', %{ $c->request->headers } ) ;
$c->log->info( $c->request->body ) ;
$c->response->body( $c->request->body ) ;
}
Here's the log data:
[info] user-agent, Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Ubuntu Chromium/28.0.1500.71 Chrome/28.0.1500.71 Safari/537.36, connection, keep-alive, accept, application/json, text/javascript, */*; q=0.01, accept-language, en-US,en;q=0.8, x-requested-with, XMLHttpRequest, origin, http://localhost:3000, accept-encoding, gzip,deflate,sdch, content-length, 125, host, localhost:3000, ::std_case, HASH(0xaec0ba0), content-type, application/json, referer, http://localhost:3000/test
[info] /tmp/PM2C6FXpcC
Here's a snippet of text from the Catalyst::Request document:
$req->body
Returns the message body of the request, as returned by HTTP::Body: a string, unless Content-Type is application/x-www-form-urlencoded, text/xml, or multipart/form-data, in which case a File::Temp object is returned.
The File::Temp manpage does not help. Even the 'object' overloads its stringification, I can't see how to extract the contents.
Here's what I used:
my $rbody = $c->req->body;
if ($rbody) {
# Post requests are stored on the filesystem under certain obscure conditions,
# in which case $rbody is a filehandle pointing to the temporary file
if (ref $rbody) { # a filehandle
$content = join "", readline($rbody);
close $rbody;
unlink "$rbody"; # filehandle stringifies to name of temp file
} else { # a string
$content = $rbody;
}
}
The thing you get back from the body method represents a temporary file, and can be treated like a filehandle or like a string. if you treat it like a filehandle, it reads from the temporary file; if used like a string, its value is the name of the temporary file. I used the seldom-seen builtin function readline, which is the same as the more common <…> operator.
I don't expect the else path to ever be taken, but it's there defensively, because you never know.
Added 2014-06-09: You need the explicit close; otherwise the code has a file descriptor leak. Catalyst devs claim that it should be cleaning up the handle automatically, but it doesn't.
if you are just trying to parse JSON, the newest stable Catalyst has a method 'body_data' that does this for you (see: http://www.catalystframework.org/calendar/2013/6)