The basic flow of the program is as follows:
1. Print the original content of array.
2. Ask the user for two indices X and Y.
3. Swap the two elements if Array[X] > Array[Y].
4. Print the modified array only if swapping occurs.
.data
array: .word 8, 2, 1, 6, 9, 7, 3, 5, 0, 4
newl: .asciiz "\n"
.text
la $a0, array
li $a1, 10
jal printArray
#Ask the user for two indices
li $v0, 5 #System call code for read_int
syscall
addi $t0, $v0, 0 # first user input in $t0
li $v0, 5 #System call code for read_int
syscall
addi $t1, $v0, 0 # second user input in $t1
swap : li $a1, 0 #inx1
li $a2, 0 #inx2
sll $t0, $a1, 2 # $t0 = inx1* 4
add $t0, $t0, $a0 # $t0 is the address of A[$a1]
sll $t3, $a2, 2 # $t3 = inx2* 4
add $t3, $t3, $a0 # $t3 is the address of A[$a2]
lw $t1, 0($t0) # $t1 = A[$a1]
lw $t2, 0($t3) # $t2 = A[$a2]
ble $t1, $t2, noPrint# if A[$a1] <=A[$a2] goto noPrint
sw $t1, 0($t3) # do the swap
sw $t2, 0($t0) # do the swap
syscall
jal printArray
printArray:
addi $t1, $a0, 0 #$t1 is the pointer to the item
sll $t2, $a1, 2 #$t2 is the offset beyond the last item
add $t2, $a0, $t2 #$t2 is pointing beyond the last item
loop: beq $t1, $t2, end
lw $t3, 0($t1) #$t3 is the current item
li $v0, 1 # system call code for print_int
addi $a0, $t3, 0 # integer to print
syscall # print it
addi $t1, $t1, 4
j loop # Another iteration
end:
li $v0, 4 # system call code for print_string
la $a0, newl #
syscall # print newline
jr $ra # return from this function
noPrint:
li $v0, 10 # system call code for exit
syscall # terminate program
I'm having problems with swap function. It doesn't print anything on console window(using QtSpim). Can you please recommend any suggestion?
Related
.data
n1:.asciiz"Enter the first number:"
n2: .asciiz"Enter the second number:"
.text
.globl main
main:
li $v0,4
la $a0,n1
syscall
li $v0, 5 # get input from user
syscall
move $a0,$s0
li $v0,4
la $a0,n2
syscall
li $v0, 5 # get second input from user
syscall
move $a0,$s1
jal calcGCD # call function calcGCD
add $a0,$v0,$zero
li $v0,1
syscall # print result
li $v0, 10 # exit program
syscall
calcGCD:
#GCD(n1, n2)
# n1 = $a0
# n2 = $a1
addi $sp, $sp, -12
sw $ra, 0($sp) # save function into stack
sw $s0, 4($sp) # save value $s0 into stack
sw $s1, 8($sp) # save value $s1 into stack
add $s0, $a0, $zero # s0 = a0 ( value n1 )
add $s1, $a1, $zero # s1 = a1 ( value n2 )
addi $t1, $zero, 0 # $t1 = 0
beq $s1, $t1, return # if s1 == 0 return
add $a0, $zero, $s1 # make a0 = $s1
div $s0, $s1 # n1/n2
mfhi $a1 # reminder of n1/n2 which is equal to n1%n2
jal calcGCD
exitGCD:
lw $ra, 0 ($sp) # read registers from stack
lw $s0, 4 ($sp)
lw $s1, 8 ($sp)
addi $sp,$sp , 12 # bring back stack pointer
jr $ra
return:
add $v0, $zero, $s0 # return $v0 = $s0 ( n1)
j exitGCD
The main issue with your code is with the part where you store the user input in the registers. In move $a0,$s0, you are moving the value at $s0 into $a0 when the user input is stored in $v0, therefore, it should be move $a0,$v0, and from your function, you seem to have stored the second input in $a1 but in your code, both the inputs are being stored in the same register so the next command should be move $a1,$v0. Here is one version of your code.
.data
n1:.asciiz"Enter the first number:"
n2: .asciiz"Enter the second number:"
.text
.globl main
main:
li $v0,4
la $a0,n1
syscall
li $v0, 5 # get input from user
syscall
move $t0,$v0 #temporarily store the user input in another register because $a0 is having another value stored in it in the next command
li $v0,4
la $a0,n2
syscall
li $v0, 5 # get second input from user
syscall
move $a1,$v0
move $a0,$t0 #transfer the first user input into $a0 to be used in the function
jal calcGCD # call function calcGCD
add $a0,$v0,$zero
li $v0,1
syscall # print result
li $v0, 10 # exit program
syscall
calcGCD:
#GCD(n1, n2)
# n1 = $a0
# n2 = $a1
addi $sp, $sp, -12
sw $ra, 0($sp) # save function into stack
sw $s0, 4($sp) # save value $s0 into stack
sw $s1, 8($sp) # save value $s1 into stack
add $s0, $a0, $zero # s0 = a0 ( value n1 )
add $s1, $a1, $zero # s1 = a1 ( value n2 )
addi $t1, $zero, 0 # $t1 = 0
beq $s1, $t1, return # if s1 == 0 return
add $a0, $zero, $s1 # make a0 = $s1
div $s0, $s1 # n1/n2
mfhi $a1 # reminder of n1/n2 which is equal to n1%n2
jal calcGCD
exitGCD:
lw $ra, 0 ($sp) # read registers from stack
lw $s0, 4 ($sp)
lw $s1, 8 ($sp)
addi $sp,$sp , 12 # bring back stack pointer
jr $ra
return:
add $v0, $zero, $s0 # return $v0 = $s0 ( n1)
j exitGCD
Here is my code that calculates the sum of two arrays and then prints them in a message to the the console. I would now like to compare my two array sums and return the correct message prompt depending on which array is larger. I feel like I'm very close because I tried to follow the logic from the first printed statements but how can I compare register $s7 & $s8 and then declare one the larger array through my message prompt I have set up? I'm using this emulator: https://cpulator.01xz.net/?sys=mipsr5-spim
.data
x: .word 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
iterator: .word 0
size: .word 9
prompt: .asciiz "The total sum of the array is equal to: "
.text
main:
la $s0, prompt
la $t0, x
lw $t1, iterator
lw $t2, size
begin_loop:
bgt $t1, $t2, exit_loop
sll $t3, $t1, 2
addu $t3, $t3, $t0
lw $t6, 0($t3)
addu $s7, $s7, $t6
addi $t1, $t1, 1
j begin_loop
exit_loop:
li $v0, 4
la $a0, prompt
syscall
li $v0, 1
la $a0, ($s7)
syscall
.data
x2: .word 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14
iterator2: .word 0
size2: .word 9
prompt2: .asciiz "The total sum of array 2 is equal to: "
prompt3: .asciiz "The larger array is array 1"
prompt4: .asciiz "The larger array is array 2"
.text
main2:
la $s0, prompt2
la $t0, x2
lw $t1, iterator2
lw $t2, size2
begin_loop2:
bgt $t1, $t2, exit_loop2
sll $t3, $t1, 2
addu $t3, $t3, $t0
lw $t6, 0($t3)
addu $s8, $s8, $t6
addi $t1, $t1, 1
j begin_loop2
exit_loop2:
li $v0, 4
la $a0, prompt2
syscall
li $v0, 1
la $a0, ($s8)
syscall
slt $t1,$s7,$s8 # checks if $s0 > $s1
beq $t1,1,prompt3 # if $s7 > $s8, goes to prompt3
beq $t1,$zero,prompt4 # if $s8 < $s7, goes to prompt4
li $v0, 4
la $a0, prompt3
syscall
li $v0, 4
la $a0, prompt4
syscall
The following program 1. Prints out the array 2. Given a lower and upper bound input by user, determines the min and min index within that range
It runs the print array function.
However, I tried tracing the registers in QTSPIM, it does not correctly assign the lower bound and upper bound to $a0 and $a1 respectively. In fact, $v0 does not seem to even scan anything. To move the scanned input from $v0 to $t0, tried using "move $t0, $v0" instead. The problem still occurs.
# Ask the user for two indices
li $v0, 5 # System call code for read_int
syscall
add $t0, $v0, $zero # store input in $t0
sll $t0, $t0, 2 # relative address position (lower bound)
add $a0, $t9, $t0 # array pointer (lower bound)
li $v0, 5 # System call code for read_int
syscall
add $t0, $v0, $zero # store input in $t0
sll $t0, $t0, 2 # relative address position (upper bound)
add $a1, $t9, $t0 # array pointer (upper bound)
The full code is below. Can anyone enlighten me if there's anything wrong?
# arrayFunction.asm
.data
array: .word 8, 2, 1, 6, 9, 7, 3, 5, 0, 4
newl: .asciiz "\n"
.text
main:
# Print the original content of array
# setup the parameter(s)
la $a0, array # base address of array
add $t9, $a0, $zero # store base address
la $a1, 10 # number of elements in array
# call the printArray function
jal printArray # call function
# Ask the user for two indices
li $v0, 5 # System call code for read_int
syscall
add $t0, $v0, $zero # store input in $t0
sll $t0, $t0, 2 # relative address position (lower bound)
add $a0, $t9, $t0 # array pointer (lower bound)
li $v0, 5 # System call code for read_int
syscall
add $t0, $v0, $zero # store input in $t0
sll $t0, $t0, 2 # relative address position (upper bound)
add $a1, $t9, $t0 # array pointer (upper bound)
# Call the findMin function
# setup the parameter(s)
# call the function
jal findMin # call function
# Print the min item
# place the min item in $t3 for printing
addi $t3, $t1, 0
# Print an integer followed by a newline
li $v0, 1 # system call code for print_int
addi $a0, $t3, 0 # print $t3
syscall # make system call
li $v0, 4 # system call code for print_string
la $a0, newl
syscall # print newline
#Calculate and print the index of min item
la $a0, array
add $t3, $v0, $a0
srl $t3, $t3, 2
# Place the min index in $t3 for printing
# Print the min index
# Print an integer followed by a newline
li $v0, 1 # system call code for print_int
addi $a0, $t3, 0 # print $t3
syscall # make system call
li $v0, 4 # system call code for print_string
la $a0, newl #
syscall # print newline
# End of main, make a syscall to "exit"
li $v0, 10 # system call code for exit
syscall # terminate program
#######################################################################
### Function printArray ###
#Input: Array Address in $a0, Number of elements in $a1
#Output: None
#Purpose: Print array elements
#Registers used: $t0, $t1, $t2, $t3
#Assumption: Array element is word size (4-byte)
printArray:
addi $t1, $a0, 0 #$t1 is the pointer to the item
sll $t2, $a1, 2 #$t2 is the offset beyond the last item
add $t2, $a0, $t2 #$t2 is pointing beyond the last item
l1:
beq $t1, $t2, e1
lw $t3, 0($t1) #$t3 is the current item
li $v0, 1 # system call code for print_int
addi $a0, $t3, 0 # integer to print
syscall # print it
addi $t1, $t1, 4
j l1 # Another iteration
e1:
li $v0, 4 # system call code for print_string
la $a0, newl #
syscall # print newline
jr $ra # return from this function
#######################################################################
### Student Function findMin ###
#Input: Lower Array Pointer in $a0, Higher Array Pointer in $a1
#Output: $v0 contains the address of min item
#Purpose: Find and return the minimum item
# between $a0 and $a1 (inclusive)
#Registers used: $t0 (counter), $t1 (max add), $t2 (min), $v0 (min pos), $t3 (current item)
#Assumption: Array element is word size (4-byte), $a0 <= $a1
findMin:
lw, $t2, 0($a0) # initialise min (value) to the lower bound
addi $t0, $a0, 0 # initialise $t0 (current pointer) to lower bound
addi $t1, $a1, 0 # initialise $t1 (add of end of array) to upper bound
Loop: slt $t4, $t1, $t0
bne $t4, $zero, End # branch to end if upper < lower
lw, $t3, 0($a0) # store the content of the lower array pointer
slt $t4, $t3, $t2 # if current ($t3) < min ($t2), store 1 in $t4
beq $t4, $zero, LoopEnd # if it is 0, go to LoopEnd
addi $t2, $t3, 0 # store content ($t3) as minimum ($t2)
addi $v0, $t0, 0 # store the address of min
LoopEnd: addi, $t0, 4 # increments current pointer lower bound
j Loop # Jump to loop
End:
jr $ra # return from this function
You read in the integers properly. The problems are elsewhere
In findMin function you use lw, $t3, 0($a0), but you should use it with $t0 instead of $a0.
After you return from this function you accidentally save $t1 as min value rather then $t2 which actually holds it.
Also you do not save $v0 which holds the pointer for the min value, so you use some garbage data later on, not the intended one.
When you calculate the index of the min from the pointer you use add, but it should be sub.
Also as it was mentioned in the comments at LoopEnd the add is syntactically wrong. It should be addi $t0, $t0, 4. But this maybe just some copy paste error.
Here is the fixed code. Changed lined marked with ERROR.
# arrayFunction.asm
.data
array: .word 8, 2, 1, 6, 9, 7, 3, 5, 0, 4
newl: .asciiz "\n"
.text
main:
# Print the original content of array
# setup the parameter(s)
la $a0, array # base address of array
add $t9, $a0, $zero # store base address
la $a1, 10 # number of elements in array
# call the printArray function
jal printArray # call function
# Ask the user for two indices
li $v0, 5 # System call code for read_int
syscall
add $t0, $v0, $zero # store input in $t0
sll $t0, $t0, 2 # relative address position (lower bound)
add $a0, $t9, $t0 # array pointer (lower bound)
li $v0, 5 # System call code for read_int
syscall
add $t0, $v0, $zero # store input in $t0
sll $t0, $t0, 2 # relative address position (upper bound)
add $a1, $t9, $t0 # array pointer (upper bound)
# Call the findMin function
# setup the parameter(s)
# call the function
jal findMin # call function
# Print the min item
# place the min item in $t3 for printing
addi $t3, $t2, 0 # ERROR: min is in $t2 not $t1
addi $t4, $v0, 0 # ERROR: not saving the pointer to the min element
# Print an integer followed by a newline
li $v0, 1 # system call code for print_int
addi $a0, $t3, 0 # print $t3
syscall # make system call
li $v0, 4 # system call code for print_string
la $a0, newl
syscall # print newline
#Calculate and print the index of min item
la $a0, array
sub $t3, $t4, $a0 # ERROR: sub should used not add
srl $t3, $t3, 2
# Place the min index in $t3 for printing
# Print the min index
# Print an integer followed by a newline
li $v0, 1 # system call code for print_int
addi $a0, $t3, 0 # print $t3
syscall # make system call
li $v0, 4 # system call code for print_string
la $a0, newl #
syscall # print newline
# End of main, make a syscall to "exit"
li $v0, 10 # system call code for exit
syscall # terminate program
#######################################################################
### Function printArray ###
#Input: Array Address in $a0, Number of elements in $a1
#Output: None
#Purpose: Print array elements
#Registers used: $t0, $t1, $t2, $t3
#Assumption: Array element is word size (4-byte)
printArray:
addi $t1, $a0, 0 #$t1 is the pointer to the item
sll $t2, $a1, 2 #$t2 is the offset beyond the last item
add $t2, $a0, $t2 #$t2 is pointing beyond the last item
l1:
beq $t1, $t2, e1
lw $t3, 0($t1) #$t3 is the current item
li $v0, 1 # system call code for print_int
addi $a0, $t3, 0 # integer to print
syscall # print it
addi $t1, $t1, 4
j l1 # Another iteration
e1:
li $v0, 4 # system call code for print_string
la $a0, newl #
syscall # print newline
jr $ra # return from this function
#######################################################################
### Student Function findMin ###
#Input: Lower Array Pointer in $a0, Higher Array Pointer in $a1
#Output: $v0 contains the address of min item
#Purpose: Find and return the minimum item
# between $a0 and $a1 (inclusive)
#Registers used: $t0 (counter), $t1 (max add), $t2 (min), $v0 (min pos), $t3 (current item)
#Assumption: Array element is word size (4-byte), $a0 <= $a1
findMin:
lw, $t2, 0($a0) # initialise min (value) to the lower bound
addi $t0, $a0, 0 # initialise $t0 (current pointer) to lower bound
addi $t1, $a1, 0 # initialise $t1 (add of end of array) to upper bound
Loop:
slt $t4, $t1, $t0
bne $t4, $zero, End # branch to end if upper < lower
lw, $t3, 0($t0) # store the content of the lower array pointer, ERROR: t0 should be used not a0
slt $t4, $t3, $t2 # if current ($t3) < min ($t2), store 1 in $t4
beq $t4, $zero, LoopEnd # if it is 0, go to LoopEnd
addi $t2, $t3, 0 # store content ($t3) as minimum ($t2)
addi $v0, $t0, 0 # store the address of min
LoopEnd:
addi $t0, $t0, 4 # increments current pointer lower bound
j Loop # Jump to loop
End:
jr $ra # return from this function
I am trying to loop through an array and find the largest value(int) and then print out that value. With this code below i am getting a runtime error that says
"Exception occured at pc=0x00400034
Unaligned adress in inst/data fetch: 0x10010001
attempt to execute non-instruction at 0x80000180"
.globl __start
.data
purchases: .word 5,10,15,20,25,7
.text
__start:
li $t1, 0 # the "i" variable
li $t2, 6 # amount of elements in the array
lw $t0 , purchases+0 #Read the value of the element [0] into $t0
j For_loop
print_int:
li $v0, 1
syscall
li $v0, 10
syscall
For_loop:
blt $t2,$t1,End_loop
lw $t4, purchases($t1)
ble $t0 , $t4, True
add $t1, $t1, 1 #Increment
j For_loop
True:
lw $t0 , purchases($t1)
add $t1, $t1, 1 #Increment
j For_loop #loop
End_loop:
move $a0, $t0
j print_int
li $v0, 10
syscall
All feedback is appreciated!
I'm writing a MIPS program (assembly language) that takes in 10 integers and prints out a histogram represented by asterisks.
E.g.:
User input of 1, 2, 3, 4
Output:
*
**
***
****
I have most of this code written already in MIPS. The problem I am running into is printing out the correct length of asterisks. As of now it is simply printing out the a histogram all of the same length; the FIRST user inputed integer.
# program functionality:
.data
menu: .asciiz "\n1. New Histogram\n2. Print Histogram\n3. Quit\n"
prompt: .asciiz "\nEnter 10 numbers between 0 and 50 (inclusive):\n"
prompt1: .asciiz "\nEnter a valid number:\n"
asterisk: .asciiz "*"
space: .asciiz "\n"
array: .word 0:10
.text
main:
do:
jal print_menu
li $v0, 5
syscall
beq $v0, 1, new
beq $v0, 2, print
beq $v0, 3, quit
j do # end do
new:
jal new_user
j do
print:
jal print_user
j do
j quit
print_menu:
la $a0, menu
li $v0, 4
syscall
jr $ra
new_user:
la $a0, prompt
li $v0, 4
syscall
enter_loop:
la $t0, array
li $t1, 10
enter_loop_2:
la $a0, prompt1
li $v0, 4
syscall
li $v0, 5
syscall
sw $v0, ($t0)
addi $t1, $t1, -1
beqz $t1, end_loop_2
addi $t0, $t0, 4
j enter_loop_2
end_loop_2:
jr $ra
print_user:
la $t0, array
li $t1, 10
pLoop:
la $a0, space
li $v0, 4
syscall
asterisk_fun:
li $v0, 1
lw $a0, ($t0)
syscall
counter:
la $a0, asterisk
li $v0, 4
syscall
addi $a0, $a0, -1
beqz $a0, asterisk_end
j counter
asterisk_end:
jr $ra
addi $t1, $t1, -1
beqz $t1, endpLoop
addi $t0, $t0, 4
j pLoop
endpLoop:
jr $ra
quit:
li $v0, 10
syscall
The problems is that you are overwriting register $a0 in counter with the address of the asterisk, and you also used $a0 to count the number of items in that bucket.
Easy solution is to use other register (e.g. $a1) to count the number of items:
That would be:
#... your code
asterisk_fun:
li $v0, 1
lw $a1, ($t0) # Load number in $a1
move $a0, $a1 # move to $a0 just to print it
syscall
la $a0, asterisk
counter:
li $v0, 4
syscall
addi $a1, $a1, -1 # we use $a1 to keep the counter
beqz $a1, asterisk_end
j counter
asterisk_end:
# ... more of your code