I'm using RISC-V and I am limited to using just and, or, xori, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division of integer values.
So for instance, the letter "a" will be represented as 97 and "aa" will be represented as 24929, and so on. The UI converts binary sequence into decimal representation, and I cannot directly modify n-th bit.
Is there anyway I can find a simple, general equation of converting from lowercase to uppercase the decimal representation of a maximum of 8 letter sequence of Strings?
Also, I forgot to add, I can't partition the string into individual letters either. Maybe it's possible, but I don't know how to do it.
Letters or characters are usually represented as byte values, which are easier to read in hexadecimal. This can be seen if you convert 97 and 24929 to hex.
You did not mention the system which was used to encode the characters; mentioning the value for one character is not definitive. Assuming your letters are encoded as ASCII, find an ASCII table and figure out the DIFFERENCE between upper- and lowercase character codes.
Use this knowledge to design an algorithm to transform lowercase character codes to uppercase.
A good uppercase conversion algorithm will not modify characters that are not lowercase letters.
This can be extended to SIMD if you are careful to avoid carries between bytes if you need to add or subtract.
Related
I was looking over some hex data the other day and I’ve got a bit confused with something.
If I see the hex code: #41, 65 in decimal or 0100 0001 in binary.
Fine!
But, what confuses me is that #41 is the code for letter A in ascii.
So when I was looking at the stream of hex bytes in sublime it actually picked up it as “A” and not the number 65.
So the confusion is, how did it know to represent this hex or binary as the letter A instead of the integer 65? Is there some kind of flag in the binary that sublime used to determine if it should show the character or the integer?
In other words, if someone gave me a byte of binary how do I then determine if they wanted me to see it as ascii or an integer without them actually telling me?
I believe the answer to this question (albeit very late) is because the ascii code for the letter A is in the 65th index position of the character set.
The number 6 would be 0000 0110, or just "6". 65 in a text string is just a collection of individual numbers, and not something like an int data type.
Admittedly, I don't know how you'd handle identifying if someone is asking you to give them the ascii value for the hex, or the denary value of the hex. I'm still too new to this concept.
Here's where I derived my answer: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zp73wmn/revision/5
I come across the below statement while studying about HTML Character Sets and Character Encoding :
Since ASCII used 7 bits for the character, it could only represent 128
different characters.
When we convert any decimal value from the ASCII character set to its binary equivalent it comes down to a 7-bits long binary number.
E.g. For Capital English Letter 'E' the decimal value of 69 exists in ASCII table. If we convert '69' to it's binary equivalent it comes down to the 7-bits long binary number 1000101
Then, why in the ASCII Table it's been mentioned as a 8-bits long binary number 01000101 instead of a 7-bits long binary number 1000101 ?
This is contradictory to the statement
Since ASCII used 7 bits for the character, it could only represent 128
different characters.
The above statement is saying that ASCII used 7 bits for the character.
Please clear my confusion about considering the binary equivalent of a decimal value. Whether should I consider a 7-bits long binary equivalent or a 8-bits long binary equivalent of any decimal value from the ASCII Table? Please explain to me in an easy to understand language.
Again, consider the below statement :
Since ASCII used 7 bits for the character, it could only represent 128
different characters.
According to the above statement how does the number of characters(128) that ASCII supports relates to the fact that ASCII uses 7 bits to represent any character?
Please clear the confusion.
Thank You.
In most processors, memory is byte-addressable and not bit-addressable. That is, a memory address gives the location of an 8-bit value. So, almost all data is manipulated in multiples of 8 bits at a time.
If we were to store a value that has by its nature only 7 bits, we would very often use one byte per value. If the data is a sequence of such values, as text might be, we would still use one byte per value to make counting, sizing, indexing and iterating easier.
When we describe the value of a byte, we often show all of its bits, either in binary or hexadecimal. If a value is some sort of integer (say of 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes) and its decimal representation would be more understandable, we would write the decimal digits for the whole integer. But in those cases, we might lose the concept of how many bytes it is.
BTW—HTML doesn't have anything to do with ASCII. And, Extended ASCII isn't one encoding. The fundamental rule of character encodings is to read (decode) with the encoding the text was written (encoded) with. So, a communication consists of the transferring of bytes and a shared understanding of the character encoding. (That makes saying "Extended ASCII" so inadequate as to be nearly useless.)
An HTML document represents a sequence of Unicode characters. So, one of the Unicode character encodings (UTF-8) is the most common encoding for an HTML document. Regardless, after it is read, the result is Unicode. An HTML document could be encoded in ASCII but, why do that? If you did know it was ASCII, you could just as easily know that it's UTF-8.
Outside of HTML, ASCII is used billions—if not trillions—of times per second. But, unless you know exactly how it pertains to your work, forget about it, you probably aren't using ASCII.
How to convert alphabet to binary? I search on Google and it says that first convert alphabet to its ASCII numeric value and than convert the numeric value to binary. Is there any other way to convert ?
And if that's the only way than is the binary value of "A" and 65 are same?
BECAUSE ASCII vale of 'A'=65 and when converted to binary its 01000001
AND 65 =01000001
That is indeed the way which text is converted to binary.
And to answer your second question, yes it is true that the binary value of A and 65 are the same. If you are wondering how CPU distinguishes between "A" and "65" in that case, you should know that it doesn't. It is up to your operating system and program to distinguish how to treat the data at hand. For instance, say your memory looked like the following starting at 0 on the left and incrementing right:
00000001 00001111 000000001 01100110
This binary data could mean anything, and only has a meaning in the context of whatever program it is in. In a given program, you could have it be read as:
1. An integer, in which case you'll get one number.
2. Character data, in which case you'll output 4 ASCII characters.
In short, binary is read by CPUs, which do not understand the context of anything and simply execute whatever they are given. It is up to your program/OS to specify instructions in order for data to be handled properly.
Thus, converting the alphabet to binary is dependent on the program in which you are doing so, and outside the context of a program/OS converting the alphabet to binary is really the exact same thing as converting a sequence of numbers to binary, as far as a CPU is concerned.
Number 65 in decimal is 0100 0001 in binary and it refers to letter A in binary alphabet table (ASCII) https://www.bin-dec-hex.com/binary-alphabet-the-alphabet-letters-in-binary. The easiest way to convert alphabet to binary is to use some online converter or you can do it manually with binary alphabet table.
I have tried to Google quite a while now for an answer why HTML entities can be compiled either in HTML decimal or HTML hex. So my questions are:
What is the difference between HTML decimal and HTML hex?
Why are there two systems to do the same thing?
Originally, HTML was nominally based on SGML, which has decimal character references only. Later, the hexadecimal alternative was added in HTML 4.01 (and soon implemented in browsers), then retrofitted into SGML in the Web Adaptations Annex.
The apparent main reason for adding the hexadecimal alternative was that all modern character code and encoding standards, such as Unicode, use hexadecimal notation for the code numbers of characters. The ability to refer to a character by its Unicode number, written in the conventional hexadecimal notation, just prefixed with &#x and suffixed with ;, helps to avoid errors that may arise if people convert from hexadecimal to decimal notation.
There are three radixes used in computer technologies:
Binary, radix 2, because ultimately integers are arrays of switches, each which may be on (1) or off (0).
Octal, radix 8, because each digit represents exactly 3 bits, so it's easy to convert to binary.
Decimal, radix 10, because humans have 10 fingers and because we grew up using this radix.
Hexadecimal, radix 16, because like octal it's easy to convert to bits, but even better because 2 hex digits can be expressed in exactly 1 byte. If, for example, you see an rgba value given in hex as 0x00ff00ff, you can see instantly that it represents opaque green.
So, to answer the question posed, for some of us hex is the natural way to express integers as it gives more insight into the storage. For others it's decimal. To each his or her own!
Finishing with an HTML example: could &65536; be a character of utf-16? In hex it's easy to see that the answer is no, because its the same as &x10000; which needs more than 16 bits.
Can someone give a clear explanation of what Binary Literal is? What is the difference between binary literals, hexadecimal and binary numbers, strings? What are they used for?
They're used for expressing a number using bits.
0b0010010101001
Because sometimes it's easier to convey the intent of a value in binary. This applies to base 16 as well. They're all numbers when it comes down to it, but if I want to assign a flag with multiple bits set, something like this seems clearer than the alternative(s).
flags = 0b110101
Literals: http://cpp.comsci.us/etymology/literals.html.
Literal constants (often referred to as literals or constants) are
invariants whose values are implied by their representations
Just as a hexadecimal literal is a string of the form "0xABCD", a binary literal is a string of the form "0b11011011". They can be distinguished from each other by checking the first two characters.
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/language/binary-literals.html