I have a dataset of around 6K chemical formulas which I am preprocessing via Keras' tokenization to perform binary classification. I am currently using a 1D convolutional neural network with dropouts and am obtaining an accuracy of 82% and validation accuracy of 80% after only two epochs. No matter what I try, the model just plateaus there and doesn't seem to be improving at all. Those same exact accuracies are reached with a vanilla LSTM too. What else can I try to improve my accuracies? Losses only have a difference of 0.04... Anyone have any ideas? Both models use an embedding layer and changing the output dimension isn't having an effect either.
According to your answer, I believe your model has a high bias and low variance (see this link for further details). Thus, your model is not fitting your data very well and it is causing underfitting. So, I suggest you 3 things:
Train your model a little longer: I believe two epoch are too few to give a chance to your model understand the patterns in the data. Try to minimize learning rate and increase the number of epochs.
Try a different architecture: you may change the amount of convolutions, filters and layers, You can also use different activation functions and other layers like max pooling.
Make an error analysis: once you finished your training, apply your model to test set and take a look into the errors. How much false positives and false negatives do you have? Is your model better to classify one class than the other? You can see a pattern in the errors that may be related to your data?
Finally, if none of these suggestions helped you, you may also try to increase the number of features, if possible.
Related
I am asking this question because I noticed in competitions people tend to minimize the loss to 0. I have an "image binary classification " problem and I already achieved the binary_crossentropy_loss to 0.003 with a "train from scratch" transfer learning model. How can I further reduce it to 0? Should I fine-tune the model again or should I go back to do image feature engineering?
Additionally, according to the picture here, I suppose I encountered "vanished gradient" instead of "overfitting". If so, what should I do on the next step?
Thank you!
Since you are trying to perform image binary classification, if you can minimize both your training and validation loss to 0, that basically means your network is 'perfectly' trained to recognize all the validation images by using just the training images. When this happens, I think it's better for you to get 'harder' data for your network to learn.
From your image, I think you should continue training your model for more epochs, since val_loss does not seem to converge yet; as a result, there are no indications of 'overfitting'.
Regarding 'vanished gradient', it's not possible to tell from your picture since the common sign of vanishing gradients is weights dying down to 0. To check for this problem, I think you should keep track of the weights distribution of your model in addition to the losses.
Call for experts in deep learning.
Hey, I am recently working on training images using tensorflow in python for tone mapping. To get the better result, I focused on using perceptual loss introduced from this paper by Justin Johnson.
In my implementation, I made the use of all 3 parts of loss: a feature loss that extracted from vgg16; a L2 pixel-level loss from the transferred image and the ground true image; and the total variation loss. I summed them up as the loss for back propagation.
From the function
yˆ=argminλcloss_content(y,yc)+λsloss_style(y,ys)+λTVloss_TV(y)
in the paper, we can see that there are 3 weights of the losses, the λ's, to balance them. The value of three λs are probably fixed throughout the training.
My question is that does it make sense if I dynamically change the λ's in every epoch(or several epochs) to adjust the importance of these losses?
For instance, the perceptual loss converges drastically in the first several epochs yet the pixel-level l2 loss converges fairly slow. So maybe the weight λs should be higher for the content loss, let's say 0.9, but lower for others. As the time passes, the pixel-level loss will be increasingly important to smooth up the image and to minimize the artifacts. So it might be better to adjust it higher a bit. Just like changing the learning rate according to the different epochs.
The postdoc supervises me straightly opposes my idea. He thought it is dynamically changing the training model and could cause the inconsistency of the training.
So, pro and cons, I need some ideas...
Thanks!
It's hard to answer this without knowing more about the data you're using, but in short, dynamic loss should not really have that much effect and may have opposite effect altogether.
If you are using Keras, you could simply run a hyperparameter tuner similar to the following in order to see if there is any effect (change the loss accordingly):
https://towardsdatascience.com/hyperparameter-optimization-with-keras-b82e6364ca53
I've only done this on smaller models (way too time consuming) but in essence, it's best to keep it constant and also avoid angering off your supervisor too :D
If you are running a different ML or DL library, there are optimizer for each, just Google them. It may be best to run these on a cluster and overnight, but they usually give you a good enough optimized version of your model.
Hope that helps and good luck!
I have a small dataset collect from imagenet(7 classes each class with 1000 training data). I try to train it with alexnet model. But somehow the accuracy just cant go any higher(about 68% maximum). I remove conv4 and conv5 layer to prevent model overfitting also decrease the number of neuron in each layer(conv and fc). here is my setup.
Did i do anything wrong so that the accuracy is so low?
I want to sort out a few terms:
(1) A perceptron is an individual cell in a neural net.
(2) In a CNN, we generally focus on the kernel (filter) as a unit; this is the square matrix of perceptrons that forms a psuedo-visual unit.
(3) The only place it usually makes sense to focus on an individual perceptron is in the FC layers. When you talk about removing some of the perceptrons, I think you mean kernels.
The most important part of training a model is to make sure that your model is properly fitted to the problem at hand. AlexNet (and CaffeNet, the BVLC implementation) is fitted to the full ImageNet data set. Alex Krizhevsky and his colleagues spent a lot of research effort in tuning their network to the problem. You are not going to get similar accuracy -- on a severely reduced data set -- by simply removing layers and kernels at random.
I suggested that you start from CONVNET (the CIFAR-10 net) because it's much better tuned to this scale of problem. Most of all, I strongly recommend that you make constant use of your visualization tools, so that you can detect when the various kernel layers begin to learn their patterns, and to see the effects of small changes in the topology.
You need to run some experiments to tune and understand your topology. Record the kernel visualizations at chosen times during the training -- perhaps at intervals of 10% of expected convergence -- and compare the visual acuity as you remove a few kernels, or delete an entire layer, or whatever else you choose.
For instance, I expect that if you do this with your current amputated CaffeNet, you'll find that the severe losses in depth and breadth greatly change the feature recognition it's learning. The current depth of building blocks is not enough to recognize edges, then shapes, then full body parts. However, I could be wrong -- you do have three remaining layers. That's why I asked you to post the visualizations you got, to compare with published AlexNet features.
edit: CIFAR VISUALIZATION
CIFAR is much better differentiated between classes than is ILSVRC-2012. Thus, the training requires less detail per layer and fewer layers. Training is faster, and the filters are not nearly as interesting to the human eye. This is not a problem with the Gabor (not Garbor) filter; it's just that the model doesn't have to learn so many details.
For instance, for CONVNET to discriminate between a jonquil and a jet, we just need a smudge of yellow inside a smudge of white (the flower). For AlexNet to tell a jonquil from a cymbidium orchid, the network needs to learn about petal count or shape.
My apologies since my question may sound stupid question. But I am quite new in deep learning and caffe.
How can we detect how many iterations are required to fine-tune a pre-trained on our own dataset? For example, I am running fcn32 for my own data with 5 classes. When can I stop the fine-tuning process by looking at the loss and accuracy of training phase?
Many thanks
You shouldn't do it by looking at the loss or accuracy of training phase. Theoretically, the training accuracy should always be increasing (also means the training loss should always be decreasing) because you train the network to decrease the training loss. But a high training accuracy doesn't necessary mean a high test accuracy, that's what we referred as over-fitting problem. So what you need to find is a point where the accuracy of test set (or validation set if you have it) stops increasing. And you can simply do it by specifying a relatively larger number of iteration at first, then monitor the test accuracy or test loss, if the test accuracy stops increasing (or the loss stops decreasing) in consistently N iterations (or epochs), where N could be 10 or other number specified by you, then stop the training process.
The best thing to do is to track training and validation accuracy and store snapshots of the weights every k iterations. To compute validation accuracy you need to have a sparate set of held out data which you do not use for training.
Then, you can stop once the validation accuracy stops increasing or starts decreasing. This is called early stopping in the literature. Keras, for example, provides functionality for this: https://keras.io/callbacks/#earlystopping
Also, it's good practice to plot the above quantities, because it gives you important insights into the training process. See http://cs231n.github.io/neural-networks-3/#accuracy for a great illustration (not specific to early stopping).
Hope this helps
Normally you converge to a specific validation accuracy for your model. In practice you normally stop training, if the validation loss did not increase in x epochs. Depending on your epoch duration x may vary most commonly between 5 and 20.
Edit:
An epoch is one iteration over your dataset for trainig in ML terms. You do not seem to have a validation set. Normally the data is split into training and validation data so you can see how well your model performs on unseen data and made decisions about which model to take by looking at this data. You might want to take a look at http://caffe.berkeleyvision.org/gathered/examples/mnist.html to see the usage of a validation set, even though they call it test set.
I am trying to build a 11 class image classifier with 13000 training images and 3000 validation images. I am using deep neural network which is being trained using mxnet. Training accuracy is increasing and reached above 80% but validation accuracy is coming in range of 54-57% and its not increasing.
What can be the issue here? Should I increase the no of images?
The issue here is that your network stop learning useful general features at some point and start adapting to peculiarities of your training set (overfitting it in result). You want to 'force' your network to keep learning useful features and you have few options here:
Use weight regularization. It tries to keep weights low which very often leads to better generalization. Experiment with different regularization coefficients. Try 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 and see what impact they have on accuracy.
Corrupt your input (e.g., randomly substitute some pixels with black or white). This way you remove information from your input and 'force' the network to pick up on important general features. Experiment with noising coefficients which determines how much of your input should be corrupted. Research shows that anything in the range of 15% - 45% works well.
Expand your training set. Since you're dealing with images you can expand your set by rotating / scaling etc. your existing images (as suggested). You could also experiment with pre-processing your images (e.g., mapping them to black and white, grayscale etc. but the effectiveness of this technique will depend on your exact images and classes)
Pre-train your layers with denoising critera. Here you pre-train each layer of your network individually before fine tuning the entire network. Pre-training 'forces' layers to pick up on important general features that are useful for reconstructing the input signal. Look into auto-encoders for example (they've been applied to image classification in the past).
Experiment with network architecture. Your network might not have sufficient learning capacity. Experiment with different neuron types, number of layers, and number of hidden neurons. Make sure to try compressing architectures (less neurons than inputs) and sparse architectures (more neurons than inputs).
Unfortunately the process of training network that generalizes well involves a lot of experimentation and almost brute force exploration of parameter space with a bit of human supervision (you'll see many research works employing this approach). It's good to try 3-5 values for each parameter and see if it leads you somewhere.
When you experiment plot accuracy / cost / f1 as a function of number of iterations and see how it behaves. Often you'll notice a peak in accuracy for your test set, and after that a continuous drop. So apart from good architecture, regularization, corruption etc. you're also looking for a good number of iterations that yields best results.
One more hint: make sure each training epochs randomize the order of images.
This clearly looks like a case where the model is overfitting the Training set, as the validation accuracy was improving step by step till it got fixed at a particular value. If the learning rate was a bit more high, you would have ended up seeing validation accuracy decreasing, with increasing accuracy for training set.
Increasing the number of training set is the best solution to this problem. You could also try applying different transformations (flipping, cropping random portions from a slightly bigger image)to the existing image set and see if the model is learning better.