What is the difference between `kur test` and `kur evaluate` - deep-learning

What exactly do kur test and kur evaluate differ?
The differences we see from console
(dlnd-tf-lab) ->kur evaluate mnist.yml
Evaluating: 100%|████████████████████████████| 10000/10000 [00:04<00:00, 2417.95samples/s]
LABEL CORRECT TOTAL ACCURACY
0 949 980 96.8%
1 1096 1135 96.6%
2 861 1032 83.4%
3 868 1010 85.9%
4 929 982 94.6%
5 761 892 85.3%
6 849 958 88.6%
7 935 1028 91.0%
8 828 974 85.0%
9 859 1009 85.1%
ALL 8935 10000 89.3%
Focus on one: /Users/Natsume/Downloads/kur/examples
(dlnd-tf-lab) ->kur test mnist.yml
Testing, loss=0.458: 100%|█████████████████████| 3200/3200 [00:01<00:00, 2427.42samples/s]
Without understanding the source codes behind kur test and kur evaluate, how can we understand what exactly do they differ?

#ajsyp the developer of Kur (deep learning library) provided the following answer, which I found to be very helpful.
kur test is used when you know what the "correct answer" is, and you
simply want to see how well your model performs on a held-out sample.
kur evaluate is pure inference: it is for generating results from
your trained model.
Typically in machine learning you split your available data into 3
sets: training, validation, and testing (people sometimes call these
different things, just so you're aware). For a particular model
architecture / selection of model hyperparameters, you train on the
training set, and use the validation set to measure how well the model
performs (is it learning correctly? is it overtraining? etc). But you
usually want to compare many different model hyperparameters: maybe
you tweak the number of layers, or their size, for example.
So how do you select the "best" model? The most naive thing to do is
to pick the model with the lowest validation loss. But then you run
the risk of optimizing/tweaking your model to work well on the
validation set.
So the test set comes into play: you use the test set as a very final,
end of the day, test of how well each of your models is performing.
It's very important to hide that test set for as long as possible,
otherwise you have no impartial way of knowing how good your model is
or how it might compare to other models.
kur test is intended to be used to run a test set through the model
to calculate loss (and run any applicable hooks).
But now let's say you have a trained model, say an image recognition
model, and now you want to actually use it! You get some new data (you
probably don't even have "truth" labels for them, just the raw
images), and you want the model to classify the images. That's what
kur evaluate is for: it takes a trained model and uses it "in
production mode," where you don't have/need truth values.

Related

Interpretation, logistic regression

I have a quick question regarding logistic regression output.
My code (in Stata):
logit pass i.experience, or
pass is a binary variabel determining whether the test is passed or not, experience is a categorical variabel consisting of 3 different experience-groups. Reference group = experience=0 (no experience).
If ORs shows <1 for all experience-groups (p<0.01) I conclude that:
having (any) experience = smaller change of passing the test, compared
to having no experience.
My question: can I also turn this interpretation around, and conclude that:
Non-experienced are more likely to pass the test, compared
to student with experience
?
Thanks.

QAT output nodes for Quantized Model got the same min max range

Recently, I have worked on quantization aware training on tf1.x to push the model to Coral Dev Board. However, when I finished training the model, why is my min max of my 2 outputs fake quantization is the same?
Should it be different when one's maximum target is 95 and one is 2pi?
I have figured out the problem. It is the problem when that part of the model is not really trained QAT. This happens for the output node that somehow forgets to QAT when training. The -6 and 6 values come from the default source of the quantization of tf1.x as mention here
To overcome the problem, we should provide some op to trigger the QAT for the output nodes. In my regression case, I add a dummy op: tf.maximum(output,0) in the model to make the node QAT. If your output is strictly between 0-1, applying "sigmoid" activation at output instead of relu can also solve the problems.

Using cnn models trained on different datasets

I am having 3 different datasets, 3 of them were all blood smear image stained with the same chemical substance. Blood smear images are images that capture your blood, include Red, White blood cells inside.
The first dataset contain 2 classes : normal vs blood cancer
The second dataset contain 2 classes: normal vs blood infection
The third dataset contain 2 classes: normal vs sickle cell disease
So, what i want to do is : when i input a blood smear image, the AI system will tell me whether it was : normal , or blood cancer or blood infection or sickle cell disease (4 classes classification task)
What should i do?
Should i mix these 3 datasets and train only 1 model to detect 4 classes ?
Or should i train 3 different models and them combine them? If yes, what method should i use to combine?
Update : i searched for a while. Can this task called "Learning without forgetting?"
I think it depends on the data.
You may use three different models and make three binary predictions on each image. So you get a vote (probability) for each x vs. normal. If binary classifications are accurate, this should deliver okay results. But you kind of get a cummulated missclassification or error in this case.
If you can afford, you can train a four class model and compare the test error to the series of binary classifications. I understand that you already have three models. So training another one may be not too expensive.
If ONLY one of the classes can occur, a four class model might be the way to go. If in fact two (or more) classes can occur jointly, a series of binary classifications would make sense.
As #Peter said it is totally data dependent. If the images of the 4 classes, namely normal ,blood cancer ,blood infection ,sickle cell disease are easily distinguishable with your naked eyes and there is no scope of confusion among all the classes then you should simply go for 1 model which gives out probabilities of all the 4 classes(as mentioned by #maxi marufo). If there is confusion between classes and the images are NOT distinguishable with naked eyes or there is a lot of scope of confusion between the classes then you should use 3 different models but then you'll need. You simply get the predicted probabilities from all the 3 models suppose p1(normal) and p1(c1), p2(normal) and p2(c2), p3(normal) and p3(c3). Now you can average(p1(normal),p2(normal),p3(normal)) and the use a softmax for p(normal), p1(c1), p2(c2), p3(c3) . Out of multiple ways you could try, the above could be one.
This is a multiclass classification problem. You can train just one model, with the final layer being a full connected (dense) layer of 4 units (i.e. output dimension) and softmax activation function.

How to deal with ordinal labels in keras?

I have data with integer target class in the range 1-5 where one is the lowest and five the highest. In this case, should I consider it as regression problem and have one node in the output layer?
My way of handling it is:
1- first I convert the labels to binary class matrix
labels = to_categorical(np.asarray(labels))
2- in the output layer, I have five nodes
main_output = Dense(5, activation='sigmoid', name='main_output')(x)
3- I use 'categorical_crossentropy with mean_squared_error when compiling
model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',loss='categorical_crossentropy',metrics=['mean_squared_error'],loss_weights=[0.2])
Also, can anyone tells me: what is the difference between using categorical_accuracy and 'mean_squared_error in this case?
Regression and classification are vastly different things. If you reimagine this as a regression task than the difference of predicting 2 when the ground truth is 4 will be rated more than if you predict 3 instead of 4. If you have class like car, animal, person you do not care for the ranking between those classes. Predicting car is just as wrong as animal, iff the image shows a person.
Metrics do not impact your learning at all. It is just something that is computed additionally to the loss to show the performance of the model. Here the accuracy makes sense, because this is mostly the metric that we care about. Mean squared error does not tell you how well your model performs. If you get something like 0.0015 mean squared error it sounds good, but it is hard to visualize just how well this performs. In contrast using accuracy and achieving 95% accuracy for example is meaningful.
One last thing you should use softmax instead of sigmoid as your final output to get a probability distribution in your final layer. Softmax will output percentages for every class that sum up to 1. Then crossentropy calculates the difference of the probability distribution of your network output and the ground truth.

deep autoencoder training, small data vs. big data

I am training a deep autoencoder (for now 5 layers encoding and 5 layers decoding, using leaky ReLu) to reduce the dimensionality of the data from about 2000 dims to 2. I can train my model on 10k data, and the outcome is acceptable.
The problem arises when I am using bigger data (50k to 1M). Using the same model with the same optimizer and drop out etc does not work and the training gets stuck after a few epochs.
I am trying to do some hyper-parameter search on the optimizer (I am using adam), but I am not sure if this will solve the problem.
Should I look for something else to change/check? Does the batch size matter in this case? Should I solve the problem by fine tuning the optimizer? Shoul I play with the dropout ratio? ...
Any advice is very much appreciated.
p.s. I am using Keras. It is very convenient. If you do not know about it, then check it out: http://keras.io/
I would have the following questions when trying to find a cause of the problem:
1) What happens if you change the size of the middle layer from 2 to something bigger? Does it improve the performance of the model trained on >50k training set?
2) Are 10k training examples and test examples randomly selected from 1M dataset?
My guess is that your training model is simply not able to decompress your 50K-1M data using just 2 dimensions in the middle layer. So, it's easier for the model to fit their params for 10k data, activations from middle layer are more sensible in that case, but for >50k data activations are random noise.
After some investigation, I have realized that the layer configuration I am using is somehow ill for the problem, and this seems to cause -at least parts of the- problem.
I have been using sequence of layers for encoding and decoding. The layer sizes where chosen to decrease linearly, for example:
input: 1764 (dims)
hidden1: 1176
hidden2: 588
encoded: 2
hidden3: 588
hidden4: 1176
output: 1764 (same as input)
However this seems to work only occasionally and it is sensitive to the choice of hyper parameters.
I tried to replace this with an exponentially decreasing layer size (for encoding) and the other way for decoding. so:
1764, 128, 16, 2, 16, 128, 1764
Now in this case the training seems to be happening more robustly. I still have to make a hyper parameter search to see if this one is sensitive or not, but a few manual trials seems to show its robustness.
I will post an update if I encounter some other interesting points.