I'm struggling with JSONB_PATH_EXISTS Postgres function
I'm using PG 12 and following this documentation : https://www.postgresql.org/docs/12/functions-json.html
With the following request (test it on DBFiddle: https://dbfiddle.uk/?rdbms=postgres_12&fiddle=d5aa984182852438c6f71cf5fa70324e) :
select
json
from (
select '{
"fields": {
"foo": true,
"number": 3,
"listnb": [3, 4],
"listenb2": ["3", "4"],
"txt": "hello how are you",
"listtxt": ["hello","how","are", "you", "3"],
"nullval": null
}
}'::jsonb as json
) t
where 1=1
-- Works with 'strict'
AND JSONB_PATH_EXISTS(json -> 'fields' -> 'listtxt', 'strict $ ? (#.type() == "array")')
-- Doesn't work without 'strict'. Why ?
--AND JSONB_PATH_EXISTS(json -> 'fields' -> 'listtxt', '$ ? (#.type() == "array")')
-- Can't add a nested condition on an array element value (syntax error)
--AND JSONB_PATH_EXISTS(json -> 'fields' -> 'listtxt', 'strict $ ? (#.type() == "array" && #[*] ? (# == "how"))')
;
#1 - I can't get type() function work without strict mode
It could be related to the lax mode unwrapping arrays automatically, but the documentation explicitly states that it is not done when type() function is called :
The lax mode facilitates matching of a JSON document structure and path expression if the JSON data does not conform to the expected schema. [...] Automatic unwrapping is not performed only when:
The path expression contains type() or size() methods that return the type and the number of elements in the array, respectively.
[...]
So I don't understand why we have a difference in the result
#2 I can't get the nested condition work (3rd AND in the sample request)
According to the examples in the documentation, the syntax looks OK but I have a syntax error that I don't understand.
Thank you for your help
If you pass the complete JSON value to the function, then the following works:
where jsonb_path_exists(json, '$ ? (#.fields.listtxt.type() == "array")')
However I would probably simply use jsonb_typeof() without a path query
where jsonb_typeof(json -> 'fields' -> 'listtxt') = 'array'
I'm struggling with JSONB_PATH_EXISTS Postgres function
I'm using PG 12 and following this documentation : https://www.postgresql.org/docs/12/functions-json.html
With the following request (test it on DBFiddle: https://dbfiddle.uk/?rdbms=postgres_12&fiddle=d5aa984182852438c6f71cf5fa70324e) :
select
json
from (
select '{
"fields": {
"foo": true,
"number": 3,
"listnb": [3, 4],
"listenb2": ["3", "4"],
"txt": "hello how are you",
"listtxt": ["hello","how","are", "you", "3"],
"nullval": null
}
}'::jsonb as json
) t
where 1=1
-- Works with 'strict'
AND JSONB_PATH_EXISTS(json -> 'fields' -> 'listtxt', 'strict $ ? (#.type() == "array")')
-- Doesn't work without 'strict'. Why ?
--AND JSONB_PATH_EXISTS(json -> 'fields' -> 'listtxt', '$ ? (#.type() == "array")')
-- Can't add a nested condition on an array element value (syntax error)
--AND JSONB_PATH_EXISTS(json -> 'fields' -> 'listtxt', 'strict $ ? (#.type() == "array" && #[*] ? (# == "how"))')
;
#1 - I can't get type() function work without strict mode
It could be related to the lax mode unwrapping arrays automatically, but the documentation explicitly states that it is not done when type() function is called :
The lax mode facilitates matching of a JSON document structure and path expression if the JSON data does not conform to the expected schema. [...] Automatic unwrapping is not performed only when:
The path expression contains type() or size() methods that return the type and the number of elements in the array, respectively.
[...]
So I don't understand why we have a difference in the result
#2 I can't get the nested condition work (3rd AND in the sample request)
According to the examples in the documentation, the syntax looks OK but I have a syntax error that I don't understand.
Thank you for your help
If you pass the complete JSON value to the function, then the following works:
where jsonb_path_exists(json, '$ ? (#.fields.listtxt.type() == "array")')
However I would probably simply use jsonb_typeof() without a path query
where jsonb_typeof(json -> 'fields' -> 'listtxt') = 'array'
I am extremely new to the programming and to the elixir. So I am very exited to learn as much as I can. But I've got a problem. I looking the way how to use my functions in another module. I am building the web-server which stores the key-value maps in the memory. To keep the maps temporary I've decided to use Agent. Here is the part of my code:
defmodule Storage do
use Agent
def start_link do
Agent.start_link(fn -> %{} end, name: :tmp_storage)
end
def set(key, value) do
Agent.update(:tmp_storage, fn map -> Map.put_new(map, key, value) end)
end
def get(key) do
Agent.get(:tmp_storage, fn map -> Map.get(map, key) end)
end
end
So I'm trying to put this functions to the routes of the web server:
defmodule Storage_router do
use Plug.Router
use Plug.Debugger
require Logger
plug(Plug.Logger, log: :debug)
plug(:match)
plug(:dispatch)
post "/storage/set" do
with {:ok, _} <- Storage.set(key, value) do
send_resp(conn, 200, "getting the value")
else
_ ->
send_resp(conn, 404, "nothing")
end
end
end
And I receive:
warning: variable "key" does not exist and is being expanded to "key()", please use parentheses to remove the ambiguity or change the variable name
lib/storage_route.ex:12
warning: variable "value" does not exist and is being expanded to "value()", please use parentheses to remove the ambiguity or change the variable name
lib/storage_route.ex:12
looking for any suggestions\help
I am extremly new to the programming and to the elixir.
I do not think it is wise to begin learning programming with elixir. I would start with python or ruby, and then after a year or two then I would try elixir.
The first thing you need to learn is how to post code. Search google for how to post code on stackoverflow. Then, you have to get your indenting all lined up. Are you using a computer programming text editor? If not, then you have to get one. There are many free ones. I use vim, which comes installed on Unix like computers. You can learn how to use vim by typing vimtutor in a terminal window.
Next, you have a syntax error in your code:
Agent.start_link(fn -> %{} end, name: :tmp_storage
end)
That should be:
Agent.start_link(fn -> %{} end, name: :tmp_storage)
The warning you got is because your code tries to do the equivalent of:
def show do
IO.puts x
end
Elixir and anyone else reading that code would ask, "What the heck is x?" The variable x is never assigned a value anywhere, and therefore the variable x does not exist, and you cannot output something that is non-existent. You do the same thing here:
with {:ok, _} <- Storage.set(key, value) do
send_resp(conn, 200, "getting the value")
else
_->
send_resp(conn, 404, "nothing")
end
You call the function:
Storage.set(key, value)
but the variables key and value were never assigned a value, and elixir (and anyone else reading that code) wonders, "What the heck are key and value?"
This is the way functions work:
b.ex:
defmodule MyFuncs do
def show(x, y) do
IO.puts x
IO.puts y
end
end
defmodule MyWeb do
def go do
height = 10
width = 20
MyFuncs.show(height, width)
end
end
In iex:
~/elixir_programs$ iex b.ex
Erlang/OTP 20 [erts-9.3] [source] [64-bit] [smp:4:4] [ds:4:4:10] [async-threads:10] [hipe] [kernel-poll:false]
Interactive Elixir (1.6.6) - press Ctrl+C to exit (type h() ENTER for help)
iex(1)> MyWeb.go
10
20
:ok
iex(2)>
So, in your code you need to write something like this:
post "/storage/set" do
key = "hello"
value = 10
with {:ok, _} <- Storage.set(key, value) do
send_resp(conn, 200, "Server saved the key and value.")
else
_->
send_resp(conn, 404, "nothing")
end
end
However, that will store the same key/value for every post request. Presumably, you want to store whatever is sent in the body of the post request. Do you know the difference between a get request and a post request? A get request tacks data onto the end of the url, while a post request sends the data in the "body of the request", so there are different procedures for extracting the data depending on the type of the request.
What tutorial are you reading? This tutorial: https://www.jungledisk.com/blog/2018/03/19/tutorial-a-simple-http-server-in-elixir/, shows you how to extract the data from the body of a post request. The data in the body of a post request is just a string. If the string is in JSON format, then you can convert the string into an elixir map using Poison.decode!(), which will allow you to easily extract the values associated with the keys that you are interested in. For example:
post "/storage/set" do
{:ok, body_string, conn} = read_body(conn)
body_map = Poison.decode!(body_string)
IO.inspect(body_map) #This outputs to terminal window where server is running
message = get_in(body_map, ["message"])
send_resp(
conn,
201,
"Server received: #{message}\n"
)
end
Then you can use the following curl command in another terminal window to send a post request to that route:
$ curl -v -H 'Content-Type: application/json' "http://localhost:8085/storage/set" -d '{"message": "hello world" }'
(-v => verbose output, -H => request header, -d => data)
Now, based on what I said was wrong with your code above, you should be wondering about this line:
{:ok, body_string, conn} = read_body(conn)
That line calls:
read_body(conn)
but the variable conn is not assigned a value anywhere. However, Plug invisibly creates the conn variable and assigns a value to it.
Here is a complete example using Agent to store post request data (following the tutorial I linked above):
simple_server
config/
lib/
simple_server/
application.ex
router.ex
storage.ex
test/
An elixir convention is to have a directory in the lib/ directory with the same name as your project, in this case that would be simple_server, then you give the modules you define names that reflect the directory structure. So, in router.ex you would define a module named SimpleServer.Router and in storage.ex you would define a module named SimpleServer.Storage. However, the . in a module name means nothing special to elixir, so you will not get an error if you decide to name your module F.R.O.G.S in the file lib/rocks.ex--and your code will work just fine.
router.ex:
defmodule SimpleServer.Router do
use Plug.Router
use Plug.Debugger
require Logger
plug(Plug.Logger, log: :debug)
plug(:match)
plug(:dispatch)
get "/storage/:key" do
resp_msg = case SimpleServer.Storage.get(key) do
nil -> "The key #{key} doesn't exist!\n"
val -> "The key #{key} has value #{val}.\n"
end
send_resp(conn, 200, resp_msg)
end
post "/storage/set" do
{:ok, body_string, conn} = read_body(conn)
body_map = Poison.decode!(body_string)
IO.inspect(body_map) #This outputs to terminal window where server is running
Enum.each(
body_map,
fn {key, val} -> SimpleServer.Storage.set(key,val) end
)
send_resp(
conn,
201,
"Server stored all key-value pairs\n"
)
end
match _ do
send_resp(conn, 404, "not found")
end
end
The first thing to note in the code above is the route:
get "/storage/:key" do
That will match a path like:
/storage/x
and plug will create a variable named key and assign it the value "x", like this:
key = "x"
Also, note that when you call a function:
width = 10
height = 20
show(width, height)
elixir looks at the function definition:
def show(x, y) do
IO.puts x
IO.puts y
end
and matches the function call to the def like this:
show(width, height)
| |
V V
def show( x , y) do
...
end
and performs the assignments:
x = width
y = height
Then, inside the function you can use the x and y variables. In this line:
Enum.each(
body_map,
# | | | | |
# V V V V V
fn {key, val} -> SimpleServer.Storage.set(key,val) end
)
Elixir will call the anonymous function passing values for key and val, like this:
func("x", "10")
Therefore, in the body of the anonymous function you can use the variables key and val:
SimpleServer.Storage.set(key,val)
because the variables key and val will already have been assigned values.
storage.ex:
defmodule SimpleServer.Storage do
use Agent
def start_link(_args) do #<*** Note the change here
Agent.start_link(fn -> %{} end, name: :tmp_storage)
end
def set(key, value) do
Agent.update(
:tmp_storage,
fn(map) -> Map.put_new(map, key, value) end
)
end
def get(key) do
Agent.get(
:tmp_storage,
fn(map) -> Map.get(map, key) end
)
end
end
application.ex:
defmodule SimpleServer.Application do
# See https://hexdocs.pm/elixir/Application.html
# for more information on OTP Applications
#moduledoc false
use Application
def start(_type, _args) do
# List all child processes to be supervised
children = [
Plug.Adapters.Cowboy.child_spec(scheme: :http, plug: SimpleServer.Router, options: [port: 8085]),
{SimpleServer.Storage, []}
]
# See https://hexdocs.pm/elixir/Supervisor.html
# for other strategies and supported options
opts = [strategy: :one_for_one, name: SimpleServer.Supervisor]
Supervisor.start_link(children, opts)
end
end
mix.exs:
defmodule SimpleServer.MixProject do
use Mix.Project
def project do
[
app: :simple_server,
version: "0.1.0",
elixir: "~> 1.6",
start_permanent: Mix.env() == :prod,
deps: deps()
]
end
# Run "mix help compile.app" to learn about applications.
def application do
[
extra_applications: [:logger],
mod: {SimpleServer.Application, []}
]
end
# Run "mix help deps" to learn about dependencies.
defp deps do
[
{:poison, "~> 4.0"},
{:plug_cowboy, "~> 2.0"}
# {:dep_from_hexpm, "~> 0.3.0"},
# {:dep_from_git, git: "https://github.com/elixir-lang/my_dep.git", tag: "0.1.0"},
]
end
end
Note, if you use the dependencies and versions specified in the tutorial you will get some warnings, including the warning:
~/elixir_programs/simple_server$ iex -S mix
...
...
12:48:57.767 [warn] Setting Ranch options together
with socket options is deprecated. Please use the new
map syntax that allows specifying socket options
separately from other options.
...which is an issue with Plug. Here are the dependencies and versions that I used to get rid of all the warnings:
{:poison, "~> 4.0"},
{:plug_cowboy, "~> 2.0"}
Also, when you list an application as a dependency, you no longer have to enter it in the :extra_applications list. Elixir will automatically start all the applications listed as dependencies before starting your application. See :applications v. :extra_applications.
Once the server has started, you can use another terminal window to send a post request with curl (or you can use some other program):
~$ curl -v -H 'Content-Type: application/json' "http://localhost:8085/storage/set" -d '{"x": "10", "y": "20" }
* Trying 127.0.0.1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 8085 (#0)
> POST /storage/set HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8085
> User-Agent: curl/7.58.0
> Accept: */*
> Content-Type: application/json
> Content-Length: 23
>
* upload completely sent off: 23 out of 23 bytes
< HTTP/1.1 201 Created
< server: Cowboy
< date: Fri, 30 Nov 2018 19:22:23 GMT
< content-length: 34
< cache-control: max-age=0, private, must-revalidate
<
Server stored all key-value pairs
* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
The > lines are the request, and the < lines are the response. Also, check the output in the terminal window where the server is running.
~$ curl -v http://localhost:8085/storage/z
* Trying 127.0.0.1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 8085 (#0)
> GET /storage/z HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8085
> User-Agent: curl/7.58.0
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< server: Cowboy
< date: Fri, 30 Nov 2018 19:22:30 GMT
< content-length: 25
< cache-control: max-age=0, private, must-revalidate
<
The key z doesn't exist!
* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
.
~$ curl -v http://localhost:8085/storage/x
* Trying 127.0.0.1...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 8085 (#0)
> GET /storage/x HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8085
> User-Agent: curl/7.58.0
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< server: Cowboy
< date: Fri, 30 Nov 2018 19:22:37 GMT
< content-length: 24
< cache-control: max-age=0, private, must-revalidate
<
The key x has value 10.
* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
I'm not entirely sure what you're trying to accomplish, but the error is telling you that the key and value that are passed to the router with statement are not defined. Elixir thinks you are trying to call a function with those arguments because they are not "bound" to a value. That is why you are seeing warning: variable "value" does not exist and is being expanded to "value()"
I suppose this is not really an answer but maybe more an explanation of the error you're seeing.
You need to pull the key/value params out of your %Plug.Conn{} object (conn). The key/value variables have not yet been defined within the scope of your route. The conn object is only available because it is injected by the post macro provided by Plug.
I am not quite aware of what type of requests you're submitting to the router, but I'll assume it's JSON as an example. You can manually parse the body in your connection by doing something like:
with {:ok, raw_body} <- Plug.Conn.read_body(conn),
{:ok, body} <- Poison.decode(raw_body) do
key = Map.get(body, "key")
value = map.get(body, "value")
# ... other logic
end
The Plug project, however, provides a nice convenience plug for you to parse request bodies in a generic way: Plug.Parsers.
To implement this in your router, you just have to add the plug to the top of your router (below Plug.Logger I think):
plug Plug.Parsers,
parsers: [:urlencoded, :json]
json_decoder: Poison,
pass: ["text/*", "application/json"]
The :urlencoded part will parse your query parameters and the :json part will parse the body of the request.
Then below in your route, you can get the key/value params from your conn object in the :params key like so:
%{params: params} = conn
key = Map.get(params, "key")
value = Map.get(params, "value")
Also, I should note that the best JSON decoder at the moment is Jason which is basically a drop-in replacement for Poison, but faster.
Anyway, reading hexdocs really helps with figuring this stuff out and the Plug project has great documentation. I think Elixir is a great language to start programming with (although it's essential to learn object-oriented paradigms as well). Happy coding!
I have the following SML program in a file named testexc.sml:
structure TestExc : sig
val main : (string * string list -> int)
end =
struct
exception OhNoes;
fun main(prog_name, args) = (
raise OhNoes
)
end
I build it with smlnj-110.74 like this:
ml-build sources.cm TestExc.main testimg
Where sources.cm contains:
Group is
csx.sml
I invoke the program like so (on Mac OS 10.8):
sml #SMLload testimg.x86-darwin
I expect to see something when I invoke the program, but the only thing I get is a return code of 1:
$ sml #SMLload testimg.x86-darwin
$ echo $?
1
What gives? Why would SML fail silently on this unhandled exception? Is this behavior normal? Is there some generic handler I can put on main that will print the error that occurred? I realize I can match exception OhNoes, but what about larger programs with exceptions I might not know about?
The answer is to handle the exception, call it e, and print the data using a couple functions available in the system:
$ sml
Standard ML of New Jersey v110.74 [built: Tue Jan 31 16:23:10 2012]
- exnName;
val it = fn : exn -> string
- exnMessage;
val it = fn : exn -> string
-
Now, we have our modified program, were we have the generic handler tacked on to main():
structure TestExc : sig
val main : (string * string list -> int)
end =
struct
exception OhNoes;
open List;
fun exnToString(e) =
List.foldr (op ^) "" ["[",
exnName e,
" ",
exnMessage e,
"]"]
fun main(prog_name, args) = (
raise OhNoes
)
handle e => (
print("Grasshopper disassemble: " ^ exnToString(e));
42)
end
I used lists for generating the message, so to make this program build, you'll need a reference to the basis library in sources.cm:
Group is
$/basis.cm
sources.cm
And here's what it looks like when we run it:
$ sml #SMLload testimg.x86-darwin
Grasshopper disassemble: [OhNoes OhNoes (more info unavailable: ExnInfoHook not initialized)]
$ echo $?
42
I don't know what ExnInfoHook is, but I see OhNoes, at least. It's too bad the SML compiler didn't add a basic handler for us, so as to print something when there was an unhandled exception in the compiled program. I suspect ml-build would be responsible for that task.
Following the Tasky application's core, I created the business and database layers, however when trying to compile I get this error:
Error CS0119: Expression denotes a 'value', where a 'method group' was expected (CS0119) (assales.core)
The problem is that there is no line number nor file reference to go along with the error as would normally would occur with a compilation error. This makes me assume that perhaps there is an issue with the project options, but that's just a guess and there are many options. What specifically do I need to do to either locate the error or get more information on this error.
The full build output:
Building: assales.core (Debug)
Performing main compilation...
/Library/Frameworks/Mono.framework/Versions/2.10.12/bin/dmcs /noconfig "/out:/Users/sb/assales/assales.core/bin/Debug/assales.core.dll" "/r:/Library/Frameworks/Mono.framework/Versions/2.10.12/lib/mono/4.0/System.dll" "/r:/Library/Frameworks/Mono.framework/Versions/2.10.12/lib/mono/4.0/System.Data.dll" "/r:/Library/Frameworks/Mono.framework/Versions/2.10.12/lib/mono/4.0/Mono.Data.Sqlite.dll" "/r:/Library/Frameworks/Mono.framework/Versions/2.10.12/lib/mono/4.0/System.Data.Linq.dll" "/r:/Library/Frameworks/Mono.framework/Versions/2.10.12/lib/mono/4.0/System.Xml.Linq.dll" "/r:/Library/Frameworks/Mono.framework/Versions/2.10.12/lib/mono/4.0/System.Core.dll" /nologo /warn:4 /debug:full /optimize- /codepage:utf8 "/define:DEBUG" /t:library "/Users/sb/assales/assales.core/AssemblyInfo.cs" "/Users/sb/assales/assales.core/DL/SqlLite.cs" "/Users/sb/assales/assales.core/DL/AlcSalesDatabase.cs" "/Users/sb/assales/assales.core/BusinessLayer/Contracts/BusinessEntityBase.cs" "/Users/sb/assales/assales.core/BusinessLayer/Contracts/IBusinessEntity.cs" "/Users/sb/assales/assales.core/BusinessLayer/Location.cs" "/Users/sb/assales/assales.core/BusinessLayer/Managers/LocationManager.cs" "/Users/sb/assales/assales.core/DAL/LocationRepository.cs"
Compilation failed: 1 error(s), 0 warnings
error CS0119: Expression denotes a `value', where a `method group' was expected
Build complete -- 1 error, 0 warnings
---------------------- Done ----------------------
Build: 1 error, 0 warnings
I think it's a problem of the mono compiler. If I omit the "new" keyword in a statement that uses var:
// "var" version
public class App {
public static void Main() {
//missing keyword "new"
var bitArray = System.Collections.BitArray();
}
}
the compiler does not indicate row number either file name:
$ mcs App.cs
error CS0119: Expression denotes a `type', where a `variable', `value' or `method group' was expected
If instead I declare explicitly bitArray (without using "var"):
public class App {
public static void Main() {
//missing keyword "new"
System.Collections.BitArray bitArray = System.Collections.BitArray();
}
}
the compiler works well:
$ mcs App.cs
App.cs(3,27): error CS0119: Expression denotes a `type', where a `variable', `value' or `method group' was expected
was expected
My mcs version is:
$mcs --version
Mono C# compiler version 3.2.3.0
By the way, the Microsoft compiler works well also with "var version" of App.cs
/cygdrive/c/WINDOWS/Microsoft.NET/Framework/v4.0.30319/csc.exe App.cs
Microsoft (R) Visual C# 2010 Compiler version 4.0.30319.1
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
App.cs(4,23): error CS0119: 'System.Collections.BitArray' is a 'type', which is not valid in the given context