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I'm building a Memory Scanner and with some error handling I noticed that ReadProcessMemory() is reading 90% of process' pages, but the ones that have mbi.Protect value == 1 or 260 it fails and returns ERROR 299 (Partial Copy) and the output of BytesRead is 0.
I run it as admin, set debug privileges and open process with VM_READ, but these exactly pages with mbi.Protect == 260 and 1 are unreadable. So, it's normal that it cant read all pages or am I doing something wrong ? Here is the code: (to be reproducable it also need this part of code that I import to main code and its where I setup all the ctypes background: https://pastebin.com/hMxLej5k, then you open python, import the code below and write "main(pid)" where pid is the pid of the process you want to read).
from ctypes import *
from ctypes import wintypes
import win32security
from setup_apis import *
def setDebugPriv():
token_handle = wintypes.HANDLE()
if not OpenProcessToken(
GetCurrentProcess(),
TOKEN_ADJUST_PRIVILEGES | TOKEN_QUERY,
byref(token_handle),
):
print("Error:",kernel32.GetLastError())
return False
luidvalue = win32security.LookupPrivilegeValue ( None, win32security.SE_DEBUG_NAME )
if not win32security.LookupPrivilegeValue(
None,
win32security.SE_DEBUG_NAME ,
):
print("Error",kernel32.GetLastError())
return False
se_debug_name_value = LUID(luidvalue) # Valor local do Privilégio de Debug
LAA = LUID_AND_ATTRIBUTES (
se_debug_name_value,
SE_PRIVILEGE_ENABLED
)
tkp = TOKEN_PRIVILEGES (
1, # DWORD PrivilegeCount
LAA, # LUID_AND_ATTRIBUTES
)
if not AdjustTokenPrivileges(
token_handle,
False,
byref(tkp),
sizeof(tkp),
None,
None,
):
print("Error:",GetLastError)
CloseHandle(token_handle)
return False
return True
#################################
def main(pid=None):
setDebugPriv()
process = OpenProcess (
PROCESS_VM_READ|PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION,
False,
pid,
)
system_info = SYSTEM_INFO()
GetSystemInfo ( byref(system_info) )
MaxAppAdress = system_info.lpMaximumApplicationAdress
VirtualQueryEx = VirtualQueryEx64
mbi = MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION64()
memset (
byref(mbi),
0,
sizeof(mbi),
)
Adress = 0
BytesRead = c_size_t (0)
while MaxAppAdress > Adress:
VirtualQueryEx(
process,
Adress,
byref(mbi),
sizeof(mbi),
)
if mbi.State == MEM_COMMIT:
try:
ContentsBuffer = create_string_buffer(mbi.RegionSize)
except:
pass
if not ReadProcessMemory (
process,
Adress,
ContentsBuffer,
mbi.RegionSize,
byref(BytesRead),
):
print("Cant Read, Error: %i, Protect State: %i" %(kernel32.GetLastError(), mbi.Protect) )
print("BytesRead:", BytesRead)
Adress += mbi.RegionSize
continue
Adress += mbi.RegionSize
'''
See Memory Protection Constants (260 = 0x104). No access and page guard regions cause exceptions. You can't access a no_access and you don't want to fire page_guard exceptions as they are meant to warn a process that a stack needs to grow and commit more pages. Don't attempt to read them.
Constant
Value
Description
PAGE_NOACCESS
0x01
Disables all access to the committed region of pages. An attempt to read from, write to, or execute the committed region results in an access violation.This flag is not supported by the CreateFileMapping function.
PAGE_READWRITE
0x04
Enables read-only or read/write access to the committed region of pages. If Data Execution Prevention is enabled, attempting to execute code in the committed region results in an access violation.
PAGE_GUARD
0x100
Pages in the region become guard pages. Any attempt to access a guard page causes the system to raise a STATUS_GUARD_PAGE_VIOLATION exception and turn off the guard page status. Guard pages thus act as a one-time access alarm. For more information, see Creating Guard Pages.When an access attempt leads the system to turn off guard page status, the underlying page protection takes over.If a guard page exception occurs during a system service, the service typically returns a failure status indicator.This value cannot be used with PAGE_NOACCESS.This flag is not supported by the CreateFileMapping function.
I am trying to design a circos plot using BioCircos R package. BioCircos allows to save the plots as .html interactive files. However, when I run the package using RScript the saved .html file is empty. To save the .html file I used saveWidget option from htmlwidgets package. Is it something wrong with saveWidget option? The code I used follows:
#!/usr/bin/Rscript
######R script for BioCircos test
library(htmlwidgets)
library(BioCircos)
genomes <- list("chra1" = 217471166, "chra2" = 181034961, "chra3" = 153873357, "chra4" = 153961319, "chra5" = 164033575,
"chra6" = 154486312, "chra7" = 133565930, "chra8" = 147241510, "chra9" = 91218944, "chra10" = 52432566, "chrb1" = 843366180, "chrb2" = 842558404, "chrb3" = 707956555, "chrb4" = 635713434, "chrb5" = 567300182,
"chrb6" = 439630435, "chrb7" = 236595445, "chrb8" = 231667822, "chrb9" = 230778867, "chrb10" = 151572763, "chrb11" = 103205957) # custom genome
links_chromosomes_01 <- c("chra1", "chra2", "chra3", "chra4", "chra4", "chra5", "chra6", "chra7", "chra7", "chra8", "chra8", "chra9", "chra10") # Chromosomes on which the links should start
links_chromosomes_02 <- c("chrb2", "chrb3", "chrb1", "chrb9", "chrb10", "chrb4", "chrb5", "chrb6", "chrb1", "chrb8", "chrb3", "chrb7", "chrb6") # Chromosomes on which the links should end
links_pos_01 <- c(115060347, 102611974, 14761160, 128700431, 128681496, 42116205, 58890582, 40356090,
146935315, 136481944, 157464876, 39323393, 84752508, 136164354,
99573657, 102580613,
111139346, 120764772, 90748238, 122164776,
44933176, 18823342,
48771409, 128288229, 150613881, 18509106, 123913217, 51237349,
34237851, 53357604, 78270031,
25306417, 25320614,
94266153,
41447919, 28810876, 2802465,
45583472,
81968637, 27858237, 17263637,
30569409) ### links chra chromosomes
links_pos_02 <- c(410543481, 463189512, 825903588, 353914638, 354135472, 717707494, 643107332, 724899652,
583713545, 558756961, 642015290, 154999098, 340216235, 557731577,
643350872, 655077847,
85356666, 157889318, 226411560, 161566470,
109857786, 25338955,
473876792, 124495704, 46258030, 572314729, 141584107, 426419779,
531245660, 220131772, 353941099,
62422773, 62387030,
116923325,
76544045, 33452274, 7942164,
642047816,
215981114, 39278129, 23302654,
418922633) ### links chrb chromosomes
links_labels <- c("aldh1a3", "amh", "cyp26b1", "dmrt1", "dmrt3", "fgf20", "hhip", "srd5a3",
"amhr2", "dhh", "fgf9", "nr0b1", "rspo1", "wnt1",
"aldh1a2", "cyp19a1",
"lhx9", "pdgfb", "ptch2", "sox10",
"cbln1", "wt1",
"esr1", "foxl2", "gata4", "lrpprc", "serpine2", "srd5a2",
"asns", "ctnnb1", "srd5a1",
"cyp26a1", "cyp26c1",
"wnt4",
"ar", "nr5a1", "ptgds",
"fgf16",
"cxcr4", "pdgfa", "sox8",
"sox9")
tracklist <- BioCircosLinkTrack('myLinkTrack', links_chromosomes_01, links_pos_01,
links_pos_01, links_chromosomes_02, links_pos_02, links_pos_02,
maxRadius = 0.55, labels = links_labels)
#plotting results
plot_chra_chrb <- BioCircos(tracklist, genome = chra_chrb_genomes, genomeFillColor = "RdBu", chrPad = 0.02, displayGenomeBorder = FALSE, genomeLabelTextSize = "10pt", genomeTicksScale = 4e+3,
elementId = "chra_chrb_comp_plot_test.html")
saveWidget(plot_chra_chrb, "chra_chrb_comp_plot_test.html", selfcontained = F, libdir = "lib")
The command line to run this script:
Rscript /path_to/Circle_plot_test.r
I tried to use this script in RStudio (without saveWidget() command), however it took too long to run in my personnel computer and the results was not displayed. However, this could be due to memory usage setup because when I took off some data, the script easily generates the plot in RStudio and I am able to save it. Is there other way to save the .hmtl interactive files in R or am I doing something wrong using htmlwidgets package in my script?
Thanks all in advance for any help and comments.
When you said it took too long to run, that was a sign that something was wrong! You weren't getting anything when you used saveWidget, because there is nothing returned from BioCiros.
I found two things that are a problem. The first one will result in a blank output—you can't use a '.' in the element ID. This ID will be used in the HTML coding.
You were getting huge delays due to the scale you set for genomeTickScale. That scaling value is for a tick mark attribute. I'm not sure why you set it to .004. However, when I comment out that line, it renders immediately. I have no issues with saving the widget, either.
--One other thing, you had chra_chrb_genomes as the object name assigned to the parameter genome in the function BioCircos. I assumed it was the object genome from your question since it was the only unused object.
The only things I changed were in the BioCircos function:
(plot_chra_chrb <- BioCircos(tracklist, genome = genomes, #chra_chrb_genomes,
genomeFillColor = "RdBu",
chrPad = 0.02,
displayGenomeBorder = FALSE,
genomeLabelTextSize = "10pt",
# genomeTicksScale = 4e+3, # problematic
elementId = "chra_chrb_comp_plot_test" # no periods
))
I'm new to reinforcement learning, and I would like to process audio signal using this technique. I built a basic step function that I wish to flatten to get my hands on Gym OpenAI and reinforcement learning in general.
To do so, I am using the GoalEnv provided by OpenAI since I know what the target is, the flat signal.
That is the image with input and desired signal :
The step function calls _set_action which performs achieved_signal = convolution(input_signal,low_pass_filter) - offset, low_pass_filter takes a cutoff frequency as input as well.
Cutoff frequency and offset are the parameters that act on the observation to get the output signal.
The designed reward function returns the frame to frame L2-norm between the input signal and the desired signal, to the negative, to penalize a large norm.
Following is the environment I created:
def butter_lowpass(cutoff, nyq_freq, order=4):
normal_cutoff = float(cutoff) / nyq_freq
b, a = signal.butter(order, normal_cutoff, btype='lowpass')
return b, a
def butter_lowpass_filter(data, cutoff_freq, nyq_freq, order=4):
b, a = butter_lowpass(cutoff_freq, nyq_freq, order=order)
y = signal.filtfilt(b, a, data)
return y
class `StepSignal(gym.GoalEnv)`:
def __init__(self, input_signal, sample_rate, desired_signal):
super(StepSignal, self).__init__()
self.initial_signal = input_signal
self.signal = self.initial_signal.copy()
self.sample_rate = sample_rate
self.desired_signal = desired_signal
self.distance_threshold = 10e-1
max_offset = abs(max( max(self.desired_signal) , max(self.signal))
- min( min(self.desired_signal) , min(self.signal)) )
self.action_space = spaces.Box(low=np.array([10e-4,-max_offset]),\
high=np.array([self.sample_rate/2-0.1,max_offset]), dtype=np.float16)
obs = self._get_obs()
self.observation_space = spaces.Dict(dict(
desired_goal=spaces.Box(-np.inf, np.inf, shape=obs['achieved_goal'].shape, dtype='float32'),
achieved_goal=spaces.Box(-np.inf, np.inf, shape=obs['achieved_goal'].shape, dtype='float32'),
observation=spaces.Box(-np.inf, np.inf, shape=obs['observation'].shape, dtype='float32'),
))
def step(self, action):
range = self.action_space.high - self.action_space.low
action = range / 2 * (action + 1)
self._set_action(action)
obs = self._get_obs()
done = False
info = {
'is_success': self._is_success(obs['achieved_goal'], self.desired_signal),
}
reward = -self.compute_reward(obs['achieved_goal'],self.desired_signal)
return obs, reward, done, info
def reset(self):
self.signal = self.initial_signal.copy()
return self._get_obs()
def _set_action(self, actions):
actions = np.clip(actions,a_max=self.action_space.high,a_min=self.action_space.low)
cutoff = actions[0]
offset = actions[1]
print(cutoff, offset)
self.signal = butter_lowpass_filter(self.signal, cutoff, self.sample_rate/2) - offset
def _get_obs(self):
obs = self.signal
achieved_goal = self.signal
return {
'observation': obs.copy(),
'achieved_goal': achieved_goal.copy(),
'desired_goal': self.desired_signal.copy(),
}
def compute_reward(self, goal_achieved, goal_desired):
d = np.linalg.norm(goal_desired-goal_achieved)
return d
def _is_success(self, achieved_goal, desired_goal):
d = self.compute_reward(achieved_goal, desired_goal)
return (d < self.distance_threshold).astype(np.float32)
The environment can then be instantiated into a variable, and flattened through the FlattenDictWrapper as advised here https://openai.com/blog/ingredients-for-robotics-research/ (end of the page).
length = 20
sample_rate = 30 # 30 Hz
in_signal_length = 20*sample_rate # 20sec signal
x = np.linspace(0, length, in_signal_length)
# Desired output
y = 3*np.ones(in_signal_length)
# Step signal
in_signal = 0.5*(np.sign(x-5)+9)
env = gym.make('stepsignal-v0', input_signal=in_signal, sample_rate=sample_rate, desired_signal=y)
env = gym.wrappers.FlattenDictWrapper(env, dict_keys=['observation','desired_goal'])
env.reset()
The agent is a DDPG Agent from keras-rl, since the actions can take any values in the continuous action_space described in the environment.
I wonder why the actor and critic nets need an input with an additional dimension, in input_shape=(1,) + env.observation_space.shape
nb_actions = env.action_space.shape[0]
# Building Actor agent (Policy-net)
actor = Sequential()
actor.add(Flatten(input_shape=(1,) + env.observation_space.shape, name='flatten'))
actor.add(Dense(128))
actor.add(Activation('relu'))
actor.add(Dense(64))
actor.add(Activation('relu'))
actor.add(Dense(nb_actions))
actor.add(Activation('linear'))
actor.summary()
# Building Critic net (Q-net)
action_input = Input(shape=(nb_actions,), name='action_input')
observation_input = Input(shape=(1,) + env.observation_space.shape, name='observation_input')
flattened_observation = Flatten()(observation_input)
x = Concatenate()([action_input, flattened_observation])
x = Dense(128)(x)
x = Activation('relu')(x)
x = Dense(64)(x)
x = Activation('relu')(x)
x = Dense(1)(x)
x = Activation('linear')(x)
critic = Model(inputs=[action_input, observation_input], outputs=x)
critic.summary()
# Building Keras agent
memory = SequentialMemory(limit=2000, window_length=1)
policy = BoltzmannQPolicy()
random_process = OrnsteinUhlenbeckProcess(size=nb_actions, theta=0.6, mu=0, sigma=0.3)
agent = DDPGAgent(nb_actions=nb_actions, actor=actor, critic=critic, critic_action_input=action_input,
memory=memory, nb_steps_warmup_critic=2000, nb_steps_warmup_actor=10000,
random_process=random_process, gamma=.99, target_model_update=1e-3)
agent.compile(Adam(lr=1e-3, clipnorm=1.), metrics=['mae'])
Finally, the agent is trained:
filename = 'mem20k_heaviside_flattening'
hist = agent.fit(env, nb_steps=10, visualize=False, verbose=2, nb_max_episode_steps=5)
with open('./history_dqn_test_'+ filename + '.pickle', 'wb') as handle:
pickle.dump(hist.history, handle, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
agent.save_weights('h5f_files/dqn_{}_weights.h5f'.format(filename), overwrite=True)
Now here is the catch: the agent seems to always be stuck to the same neighborhood of output values across all episodes for a same instance of my env:
The cumulated reward is negative since I just allowed the agent to get negative rewards. I used it from https://github.com/openai/gym/blob/master/gym/envs/robotics/fetch_env.py which is part of OpenAI code as example.
Across one episode, I should get varying sets of actions converging towards a (cutoff_final, offset_final) that would get my input step signal close to my output flat signal, which is clearly not the case. In addition, I thought, for successive episodes, I should get different actions.
I wonder why the actor and critic nets need an input with an additional dimension, in input_shape=(1,) + env.observation_space.shape
I think the GoalEnv is designed with HER (Hindsight Experience Replay) in mind, since it will use the "sub-spaces" inside the observation_space to learn from sparse reward signals (there is a paper in OpenAI website that explains how HER works). Haven't look at the implementation, but my guess is that there needs to be an additional input since HER also process the "goal" parameter.
Since it seems you are not using HER (works with any off-policy algorithm, including DQN, DDPG, etc), you should handcraft an informative reward function (rewards are not binary, eg, 1 if objective achieved, 0 otherwise) and use the base Env class. The reward should be calculated inside the step method, since rewards in MDP's are functions like r(s, a, s`) you probably will have all the information you need. Hope it helps.
I have yet to find a complete example for using the mkfifo() function online. I am able to make the fifo like this:
mkfifo("file",777)
But when I fopen() this file, Octave just hangs. What is the proper way to create, queue, and dequeue bytes from a mkfifo object?
I would like to create an in-memory fifo in Octave (on-disk is fine too) and read and write it from the same Octave script. My project is running in real time, and so I need a buffer so that I can fill and drain from the same Octave script. I've searched for a fifo library with zero results. Even just creating a vector and pushing and popping will suit my needs. I tried this myself, but I'm running into object oriented programming design problems because Octave does not allow pass by reference or pointers.
There are two issues. First: mkfifo expects mode as integer with base 10, if you write "777" you think in octal, base 8. Second: mkfifo uses umask to modify the permissions to (mode & ~umask) (See man 3)
As example:
fn=tempname
[ERR, MSG] = mkfifo (fn, base2dec("744", 8))
stat(fn)
fn = /tmp/oct-83UCBR
ERR = 0
MSG =
ans =
scalar structure containing the fields:
dev = 2053
ino = 3408172
mode = 4580
modestr = prwxr--r--
nlink = 1
uid = 1000
gid = 1000
rdev = 0
size = 0
atime = 1.4311e+09
mtime = 1.4311e+09
ctime = 1.4311e+09
blksize = 4096
blocks = 0
As you can see the modestr is now prwxr--r-- as you would expect from octal 744
Now you can open one end of the FIFO:
fid = fopen (fn, "r")
Of course this blocks until the other end of the fifo gets connected.
The fifo class works, but only up to a certain size. The max size in bytes of a fifo can be found by running:
cat /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size
1048576
Below is the code that I wrote for an in-memory fifo. It's fairly crude but it works well:
1; % Prevent Octave from thinking that this is a function file
global fifoCount fifoSamples fifoFiles fifoFids fifoDataType
fifoSamples = zeros(0);
fifoCount = 0;
fifoFiles = cell(1);
fifoFids = zeros(0);
fifoDataType = 'single';
fifoDataTypeSize = 4;
fifoMaxBytes = 1048576; % this is operating system enforced, changing here will not help
function [] = o_fifo_write(index, data)
global fifoCount fifoSamples fifoFiles fifoFids fifoDataType
wrcount = fwrite(fifoFids(index), data, fifoDataType);
[sz,~] = size(data);
fifoSamples(index) = fifoSamples(index) + sz;
if( sz ~= wrcount )
disp(sprintf('o_fifo_write was given %d samples but wrote %d', sz, wrcount));
end
if( ~iscolumn(data) )
disp('data must be columnar in o_fifo_write');
end
end
function [data] = o_fifo_read(index, count)
global fifoCount fifoSamples fifoFiles fifoFids fifoDataType
[data, rdcount] = fread(fifoFids(index), count, fifoDataType);
[sz,~] = size(data);
fifoSamples(index) = fifoSamples(index) - sz;
if( sz ~= rdcount || sz ~= count )
disp(sprintf('in o_fifo_read %d %d %d should all be the same', sz, rdcount, count));
end
end
function [avail] = o_fifo_avail(index)
global fifoCount fifoSamples fifoFiles fifoFids fifoDataType
avail = fifoSamples(index);
end
function index = o_fifo_new()
global fifoCount fifoSamples fifoFiles fifoFids fifoDataType
fifoCount = fifoCount + 1;
index = fifoCount;
fifoSamples(index) = 0;
fifoFiles{index} = tempname;
[ERR, MSG] = mkfifo(fifoFiles{index}, base2dec('744',8));
fifoFids(index) = fopen(fifoFiles{index}, 'a+');
% fcntl(fifoFids(index), F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK); % uncomment to avoid hangs when trying to overfill fifo
end
% ---- usage -----
txfifo = o_fifo_new();
disp(o_fifo_avail(txfifo));
o_fifo_write(txfifo, [1.243 pi 2*pi 4/3*pi]');
disp(o_fifo_avail(txfifo));
disp(o_fifo_read(txfifo, 4));
disp(o_fifo_avail(txfifo));
I'm trying to save some data in to a table. I get the data from a database and it works ok.
My problem is that the data is not saved in the table. It is a lua table like table = {} and NOT a database table.
Maybe it is saved but it looks like the prints are done before the saving even though I call them after. In fact it seems like my network request is done last in my program even though I call it first.
I would real like to know the reason for this. Any ideas?
Here is the code:
---TESTING!
print("Begin teting!")
--hej = require ( "test2" )
local navTable = {
Eng_Spd = 0,
Spd_Set = 0
}
local changeTab = function()
navTable.Eng_Spd = 2
end
printNavTable = function()
print("navTable innehåller: ")
print(navTable.Eng_Spd)
print(navTable.Spd_Set)
end
require "sqlite3"
local myNewData
local json = require ("json")
local decodedData
local SaveData2 = function()
local i = 1
local counter = 1
local index = "livedata"..counter
local navValue = decodedData[index]
print(navValue)
while (navValue ~=nil) do
--tablefill ="INSERT INTO navaltable VALUES (NULL,'" .. navValue[1] .. "','" .. navValue[3] .."','" .. navValue[4] .."','" .. navValue[5] .."','" .. navValue[6] .."');"
--print(tablefill)
--db:exec(tablefill)
if navValue[3] == "Eng Spd" then navTable.Eng_Spd = navValue[4]
elseif navValue[3] == "Spd Set" then navTable.Spd_Set = navValue[4]
else print("blah")
end
print(navTable.Eng_Spd)
print(navTable.Spd_Set)
counter=counter+1
index = "livedata"..counter
navValue = decodedData[index]
end
end
local function networkListener( event )
if (event.isError) then
print("Network error!")
else
myNewData = event.response
print("From server: "..myNewData)
decodedData = (json.decode(myNewData))
SaveData2()
--db:exec("DROP TABLE IN EXISTS navaltable")
end
end
--function uppdateNavalTable()
network.request( "http://127.0.0.1/firstMidle.php", "GET", networkListener )
--end
changeTab()
printNavTable()
--uppdateNavalTable()
printNavTable()
print("Done!")
And here is the output:
Copyright (C) 2009-2012 C o r o n a L a b s I n c .
Version: 2.0.0
Build: 2012.971
Begin teting!
navTable innehåller:
2
0
navTable innehåller:
2
0
Done!
From server: {"livedata1":["1","0","Eng Spd","30","0","2013-03-15 11:35:48"],"li
vedata2":["1","1","Spd Set","13","0","2013-03-15 11:35:37"]}
table: 008B5018
30
0
30
13
And btw, navTable innehåller means navTable contains.
The answer is that networklistener run parallell with the rest of the code.