What is the difference between align-items and align-content?
The align-items property of flex-box aligns the items inside a flex container along the cross axis just like justify-content does along the main axis. (For the default flex-direction: row the cross axis corresponds to vertical and the main axis corresponds to horizontal. With flex-direction: column those two are interchanged respectively).
Here's an example of how align-items:center looks:
But align-content is for multi line flexible boxes. It has no effect when items are in a single line. It aligns the whole structure according to its value. Here's an example for align-content: space-around;:
And here's how align-content: space-around; with align-items:center looks:
Note the 3rd box and all other boxes in first line change to vertically centered in that line.
Here are some codepen links to play with:
http://codepen.io/asim-coder/pen/MKQWbb
http://codepen.io/asim-coder/pen/WrMNWR
Here's a super cool pen which shows and lets you play with almost everything in flexbox.
From the example at flexboxfroggy.com:
It will take you 10-20 minutes and at level 21 you will find the answer to your question.
align-content determines the spacing between lines
align-items determines how the items as a whole are aligned within the container.
When there is only one line, align-content has no effect
First, align-items is for items in a single row. So for a single row of elements on main axis, align-items will align these items respective of each other and it will start with fresh perspective from the next row.
Now, align-content doesn't interfere with items in a row but with rows itself. Hence, align-content will try to align rows with respect to each other and flex container.
Check this fiddle : https://jsfiddle.net/htym5zkn/8/
I had the same confusion. After some tinkering based on many of the answers above, I can finally see the differences. In my humble opinion, the distinction is best demonstrated with a flex container that satisfies the following two conditions:
The flex container itself has a height constraint (e.g., min-height: 60rem) and thus can become too tall for its content
The child items enclosed in the container have uneven heights
Condition 1 helps me understand what content means relative to its parent container. When the content is flush with the container, we will not be able to see any positioning effects coming from align-content. It is only when we have extra space along the cross axis, we start to see its effect: It aligns the content relative to the boundaries of the parent container.
Condition 2 helps me visualize the effects of align-items: it aligns items relative to each other.
Here is a code example. Raw materials come from Wes Bos' CSS Grid tutorial (21. Flexbox vs. CSS Grid)
Example HTML:
<div class="flex-container">
<div class="item">Short</div>
<div class="item">Longerrrrrrrrrrrrrr</div>
<div class="item">đź’©</div>
<div class="item" id="tall">This is Many Words</div>
<div class="item">Lorem, ipsum.</div>
<div class="item">10</div>
<div class="item">Snickers</div>
<div class="item">Wes Is Cool</div>
<div class="item">Short</div>
</div>
Example CSS:
.flex-container {
display: flex;
/*dictates a min-height*/
min-height: 60rem;
flex-flow: row wrap;
border: 5px solid white;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
align-content: flex-start;
}
#tall {
/*intentionally made tall*/
min-height: 30rem;
}
.item {
margin: 10px;
max-height: 10rem;
}
Example 1: Let's narrow the viewport so that the content is flush with the container. This is when align-content: flex-start; has no effects since the entire content block is tightly fit inside the container (no extra room for repositioning!)
Also, note the 2nd row--see how the items are center aligned among themselves.
Example 2: As we widen the viewport, we no longer have enough content to fill the entire container. Now we start to see the effects of align-content: flex-start;--it aligns the content relative to the top edge of the container.
These examples are based on flexbox, but the same principles are applicable to CSS grid. Hope this helps :)
The effect of both align-items and align-content is along the cross-axis.
Let say if flex-direction is row then the main axis is Left to Right and if flex-direction is column then the main axis is from top to bottom.
So In the below examples, we gonna assume that flex-direction is row i.e. main axis is from Left to Right and cross-axis is from top to bottom.
align-content only works if there is flex-wrap: wrap and if there is more than one flex-line in container.
align-content has higher priority than align-items if there are multiple flex-line.
What is flex-line?
Each row or column of flex items in a flex container is a flex line. Multiple lines occur when there is not enough space in a container and flex-items would take the next line(in flex-direction: row;) to fit in. In flex-direction: column it will add flex items to next line.
example
By default, the flex is a flexible container i.e. it can accommodate any number of elements unless we have specified flex-wrap: wrap. Without wrap, flex-items will overflow the container(if flex-direction is row).
align-content example
.container{
border: 5px solid #000;
height: 100vh;
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
align-content: flex-end;
}
.box{
height:100px;
font-size: 2rem;
width: 33.33%;
}
.box1{
background: purple;
}
.box2{
background: #ff8c00;
}
.box3{
background: lime;
}
.box4{
background: #008080;
}
.box5{
background-color: red;
}
<div class="container">
<div class="box box1">box 1</div>
<div class="box box2">box 2</div>
<div class="box box3">box 3</div>
<div class="box box4">box 4</div>
<div class="box box5">box 5</div>
</div>
In the above example, If there would have been flex-wrap: no-wrap then align-content doesn't affect our layout.
align-items example
The align-items property determines how flex items are positioned within a flex line, along the cross-axis.
.container{
border: 5px solid #000;
height: 100vh;
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
align-items: flex-end;
}
.box{
height:100px;
font-size: 2rem;
width: 33.33%;
}
.box1{
background: purple;
}
.box2{
background: #ff8c00;
}
.box3{
background: lime;
}
.box4{
background: #008080;
}
.box5{
background-color: red;
}
<div class="container">
<div class="box box1">box 1</div>
<div class="box box2">box 2</div>
<div class="box box3">box 3</div>
<div class="box box4">box 4</div>
<div class="box box5">box 5</div>
</div>
If align-content and align-items are declared on a container with properties flex-wrap: wrap and if there are more than flex-line then align-content property has higher priority than align-items.
align-content and align-items priority example
.container{
border: 5px solid #000;
height: 100vh;
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
align-content: flex-end;
align-items: flex-start;
}
.box{
height:100px;
font-size: 2rem;
width: 33.33%;
}
.box1{
background: purple;
}
.box2{
background: #ff8c00;
}
.box3{
background: lime;
}
.box4{
background: #008080;
}
.box5{
background-color: red;
}
<div class="container">
<div class="box box1">box 1</div>
<div class="box box2">box 2</div>
<div class="box box3">box 3</div>
<div class="box box4">box 4</div>
<div class="box box5">box 5</div>
</div>
Well I have examined them on my browser.
align-content can change a line's height for row direction or width for column when it's value is stretch, or add empty space between or around the lines for space-between, space-around, flex-start, flex-end values.
align-items can change items height or position inside the line's area. When items are not wrapped they have only one line which it's area is always stretched to the flex-box area (even if the items overflow), and align-content has no effect on a single line. So it has no effect on items that are not wrapped and only align-items can change items position or stretch them when all of them are on a single line.
However, if they are wrapped you have multiple lines and items inside each line. And if all items of each line have the same height (for row direction) that line's height will be equal to those items height and you don't see any effect by changing align-items value.
So if you want to affect items by align-items when your items are wrapped and have the same height (for row direction) first you have to use align-content with stretch value in order to expand the lines area.
Having read some of the answers, they identify correctly that align-content takes no affect if the flex content is not wrapped. However what they don't understand is align-items still plays an important role when there is wrapped content:
In the following two examples, align-items is used to center the items within each row, then we change align-content to see it's effect.
Example 1:
align-content: flex-start;
Example 2:
align-content: flex-end;
Here's the code:
<div class="container">
<div class="child" style="height: 30px;">1</div>
<div class="child" style="height: 50px;">2</div>
<div class="child" style="height: 60px;">3</div>
<div class="child" style="height: 40px;">4</div>
<div class="child" style="height: 50px;">5</div>
<div class="child" style="height: 20px;">6</div>
<div class="child" style="height: 90px;">7</div>
<div class="child" style="height: 50px;">8</div>
<div class="child" style="height: 30px;">9</div>
<div class="child" style="height: 40px;">10</div>
<div class="child" style="height: 30px;">11</div>
<div class="child" style="height: 60px;">12</div>
</div>
<style>
.container {
display: flex;
width: 300px;
flex-flow: row wrap;
justify-content: space-between;
align-items: center;
align-content: flex-end;
background: lightgray;
height: 400px;
}
.child {
padding: 12px;
background: red;
border: solid 1px black;
}
</style>
align-content
align-content controls the cross-axis (i.e. vertical direction if the flex-direction is row, and horizontal if the flex-direction is column) positioning of multiple lines relative to each other.
(Think lines of a paragraph being vertically spread out, stacked toward the top, stacked toward the bottom. This is under a flex-direction row paradigm).
align-items
align-items controls the cross-axis of an individual line of flex elements.
(Think how an individual line of a paragraph is aligned, if it contains some normal text and some taller text like math equations. In that case, will it be the bottom, top, or center of each type of text in a line that will be aligned?)
align-items spreads the child elements vertically with space between them.
align-content bunches them together as if they were one element.
(if the flex-direction is column)
What I have learned from every answer and visiting the blog is
what is the cross axis and main axis
main axis is horizontal row and cross axis is vertical column - for flex-direction: row
main axis is vertical column and cross axis is horizontal row - for flex-direction: column
Now align-content and align-items
align-content is for the row, it works if the container has (more than one row)
Properties of align-content
.container {
align-content: flex-start | flex-end | center | space-between | space-around | space-evenly | stretch | start | end | baseline | first baseline | last baseline + ... safe | unsafe;
}
align-items is for the items in row
Properties of align-items
.container {
align-items: stretch | flex-start | flex-end | center | baseline | first baseline | last baseline | start | end | self-start | self-end + ... safe | unsafe;
}
For more reference visit to flex
The key property is flex-wrap. When nowrap (or when there is no extra space in the cross axis), align-content has no effect. When wrap or wrap-reverse, it has always an effect (regardless of the line count) if there is extra space in the cross axis.
Compare these four boxes:
while align-items would centre as a single line of text both horizontally and vertically inside a container , align-content would behave as if there were multiple lines of text,or a paragraph, and start from top aligning even a single line of text as if it were paragraph which has been given a text-align: center rule.
This is the result we get from
align-content:center;
First Part
align-items applies to single line of boxes only. Suppose there are 4 boxes in a single line inside the container. then align-items will be applied to align those boxes in a single line. If flex-direction is row (which is default) then align-items will arrange the boxes vertically, if its column then arrange the boxes horizontally.
Second Part
Continuing with the above single line of boxes, if we add one more line of 4 boxes, now there are 8 boxes, 4 in each line. Here align-content comes into picture, if we apply align-content to the container, it will be applied to both lines having total of 8 boxes. If we apply align-content:center, it will center both lines in a container. In that sense align-content is used to arrange multi line flexible boxes.
align-items: center, align-content: flex-start
The main difference is when the height of the elements are not the same!
Then you can see how in the row, they are all center\end\start
according to what I understood from here:
when you use align-item or justify-item, you are adjusting "the content inside a grid item along the column axis or row axis respectively.
But:
if you use align-content or justify-content, you are setting the position a grid along the column axis or the row axis. it occurs when you have a grid in a bigger container and width or height are inflexible (using px).
I'd like to have two columns of equal height and their content should be middle aligned, so in the very center of each div.
Problem: 'equal height' and 'middle aligned' seem to exclude themselves, the one doesn't work with the other.
Question: How can I create a row with two columns with different width, equal height and their content centered in the middle of each column?
<!-- 'middle aligned' and 'equal height' don't like each other ? -->
<div class="ui equal height center aligned grid">
<div class="row">
<div class="twelve wide purple column">
<p>Text Text Text</p>
<p>Text Text Text</p>
<p>Text Text Text</p>
<p>Text Text Text</p>
</div>
<div class="four wide red column middle aligned">
<div class="row">Forward</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
http://jsfiddle.net/kjjd66zk/1/
The key to this layout is to apply equal heights to the primary flex container.
Then make the flex items nested flex containers, which can center the content of the flex items.
Hence, the top level creates the equal height. The second level does the centering.
(See the note at the bottom for more details.)
Here's an example based on your code structure:
body {
height: 300px; /* for demo purposes */
color: white;
}
flex-container {
display: flex; /* primary flex container */
flex-direction: row; /* horizontal alignment of flex items
(default value; can be omitted) */
align-items: stretch; /* will apply equal heights to flex items
(default value; can be omitted) */
height: 100%;
}
flex-item {
display: flex; /* nested flex container */
flex-direction: column; /* vertical alignment of flex items */
justify-content: center; /* center flex items vertically */
align-items: center; /* center flex items horizontally */
}
flex-item:first-child {
flex: 3; /* consume 3x more free space than sibling */
background-color: #a333c8;
}
flex-item:last-child {
flex: 1;
background-color: #db2828;
}
<flex-container>
<flex-item><!-- also flex container -->
<p>Text Text Text</p>
<p>Text Text Text</p>
<p>Text Text Text</p>
<p>Text Text Text</p>
</flex-item>
<flex-item><!-- also flex container -->
<div>Forward</div>
</flex-item>
</flex-container>
jsFiddle demo
People sometimes consider a flex item and its content to be one element. This is not correct.
The HTML structure of a flex container has three levels:
the container
the item
the content
Therefore, the content inside an item does not represent the item; it represents a separate element.
If the content inside an item is text, it becomes an anonymous element.
From the flexbox spec:
4. Flex Items
Each in-flow child of a flex container becomes a flex item, and each
contiguous run of text that is directly contained inside a flex
container is wrapped in an anonymous flex item.
That's why, in the solution above, the flex item becomes a flex container. It enables the use of flex properties on the children of the flex item (the content).
You need to give height to your elements
.height {
height: 300px;
}
.row {
height: 100%;
}
.row > div {
height: 100%;
}
Updated fiddle 1
If you want them to center vertical, update above .row > div rule to this
.row > div {
height: 100%;
display: flex !important;
flex-direction: column;
justify-content: center;
}
Updated fiddle 2
I'd like to have two columns of equal height and their content should be middle aligned, so in the very center of each div.
Problem: 'equal height' and 'middle aligned' seem to exclude themselves, the one doesn't work with the other.
Question: How can I create a row with two columns with different width, equal height and their content centered in the middle of each column?
<!-- 'middle aligned' and 'equal height' don't like each other ? -->
<div class="ui equal height center aligned grid">
<div class="row">
<div class="twelve wide purple column">
<p>Text Text Text</p>
<p>Text Text Text</p>
<p>Text Text Text</p>
<p>Text Text Text</p>
</div>
<div class="four wide red column middle aligned">
<div class="row">Forward</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
http://jsfiddle.net/kjjd66zk/1/
The key to this layout is to apply equal heights to the primary flex container.
Then make the flex items nested flex containers, which can center the content of the flex items.
Hence, the top level creates the equal height. The second level does the centering.
(See the note at the bottom for more details.)
Here's an example based on your code structure:
body {
height: 300px; /* for demo purposes */
color: white;
}
flex-container {
display: flex; /* primary flex container */
flex-direction: row; /* horizontal alignment of flex items
(default value; can be omitted) */
align-items: stretch; /* will apply equal heights to flex items
(default value; can be omitted) */
height: 100%;
}
flex-item {
display: flex; /* nested flex container */
flex-direction: column; /* vertical alignment of flex items */
justify-content: center; /* center flex items vertically */
align-items: center; /* center flex items horizontally */
}
flex-item:first-child {
flex: 3; /* consume 3x more free space than sibling */
background-color: #a333c8;
}
flex-item:last-child {
flex: 1;
background-color: #db2828;
}
<flex-container>
<flex-item><!-- also flex container -->
<p>Text Text Text</p>
<p>Text Text Text</p>
<p>Text Text Text</p>
<p>Text Text Text</p>
</flex-item>
<flex-item><!-- also flex container -->
<div>Forward</div>
</flex-item>
</flex-container>
jsFiddle demo
People sometimes consider a flex item and its content to be one element. This is not correct.
The HTML structure of a flex container has three levels:
the container
the item
the content
Therefore, the content inside an item does not represent the item; it represents a separate element.
If the content inside an item is text, it becomes an anonymous element.
From the flexbox spec:
4. Flex Items
Each in-flow child of a flex container becomes a flex item, and each
contiguous run of text that is directly contained inside a flex
container is wrapped in an anonymous flex item.
That's why, in the solution above, the flex item becomes a flex container. It enables the use of flex properties on the children of the flex item (the content).
You need to give height to your elements
.height {
height: 300px;
}
.row {
height: 100%;
}
.row > div {
height: 100%;
}
Updated fiddle 1
If you want them to center vertical, update above .row > div rule to this
.row > div {
height: 100%;
display: flex !important;
flex-direction: column;
justify-content: center;
}
Updated fiddle 2
Given a div with display flexbox .wrapper (run and see snippet below) and a deeply nested div .text-container, how can I center the deeply nested div relative to the .wrapper and not relative to its parent .variable-height?
In the snippet below there are two columns with equal height and I want the text, which is placed in a variable height div inside each column, to be at the same level. I have set the display of the variable height div also to flexbox, so logically the text is centered, relative to it and not to the grandparent .wrapper, which is not what I want.
The only solution I came up with is to set position: relative; on .wrapper and on .text-container:
position: absolute;
top: 50%;
transform: translateY(-50%);
However, I am not sure, if it's a good idea to mix flexbox and absolute/relative positioning.
.wrapper {
background-color: white;
min-height: 200px;
width: 200px;
float: left;
margin-left: 50px;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
}
.wrapper .fixed-height {
background-color: orange;
min-height: 30px;
}
.wrapper .second {
background-color: yellow;
min-height: 30px;
}
.wrapper .variable-height {
flex: 1;
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
justify-content: center;
}
.wrapper .variable-height .text-container {
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
}
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="fixed-height"></div>
<div class="fixed-height second"></div>
<div class="variable-height">
<div class="text-container">
<div class="title">Title</div>
<div class="subtitle">Subtitle</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed-height"></div>
</div>
<div class="wrapper">
<div class="fixed-height"></div>
<div class="variable-height">
<div class="text-container">
<div class="title">Title</div>
<div class="subtitle">Subtitle</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="fixed-height"></div>
</div>
However, I am not sure, if it's a good idea to mix flexbox and absolute/relative positioning.
Well, it depends on what sort of behavior is acceptable to you.
When you absolutely position an element, you remove it from the document flow.
So, in this case, .wrapper and its flex items don't know that .text-container exists. If there's any flexibility to the container or items, they will overlap with .text-container. See this illustration:
Centering: Absolute Positioning vs Flexbox (re-size the window to see the difference)
Again, if the overlapping is acceptable to you, then absolute positioning is fine.
In terms of the flexbox specification, there's nothing wrong with mixing absolute / relative positioning with flex properties. The spec has a section on this subject:
4.1. Absolutely-Positioned Flex Children
An absolutely-positioned child of a flex container does not participate in flex layout. However, it does participate in the reordering step (see order), which has an effect in their painting order.
The static position of an absolutely-positioned child of a flex container is determined such that the child is positioned as if it were the sole flex item in the flex container, assuming both the child and the flex container were fixed-size boxes of their used size.
The effect of this is that if you set, for example, align-content: center; on an absolutely-positioned child of a flex container, the child’s static position will center it in the flex container’s cross axis.
Two things to note from the spec:
Although an absolutely positioned flex item is removed from the document flow (as expected), it still recognizes the order property.
You can still use flex properties to center an absolutely positioned flex item, but only under certain circumstances and only within the parent container, not the grandparent.
This question already has answers here:
How to disable equal height columns in Flexbox?
(4 answers)
Closed 5 years ago.
As you can see in the code below, the left div inside the flex container stretches to meet the height of the right div. Is there an attribute I can set to make its height the minimum required for holding its content (like usual height: auto divs outside flex containers)?
#a {
display: flex;
}
#a > div {
background-color: red;
padding: 5px;
margin: 2px;
}
#b {
height: auto;
}
<div id="a">
<div id="b">left</div>
<div>right<br>right<br>right<br>right<br>right<br></div>
</div>
The align-items, or respectively align-content attribute controls this behaviour.
align-items defines the items' positioning perpendicularly to flex-direction.
The default flex-direction is row, therfore vertical placement can be controlled with align-items.
There is also the align-self attribute to control the alignment on a per item basis.
#a {
display:flex;
align-items:flex-start;
align-content:flex-start;
}
#a > div {
background-color:red;
padding:5px;
margin:2px;
}
#a > #c {
align-self:stretch;
}
<div id="a">
<div id="b">left</div>
<div id="c">middle</div>
<div>right<br>right<br>right<br>right<br>right<br></div>
</div>
css-tricks has an excellent article on the topic. I recommend reading it a couple of times.
When you create a flex container various default flex rules come into play.
Two of these default rules are flex-direction: row and align-items: stretch. This means that flex items will automatically align in a single row, and each item will fill the height of the container.
If you don't want flex items to stretch – i.e., like you wrote:
make its height the minimum required for holding its content
... then simply override the default with align-items: flex-start.
#a {
display: flex;
align-items: flex-start; /* NEW */
}
#a > div {
background-color: red;
padding: 5px;
margin: 2px;
}
#b {
height: auto;
}
<div id="a">
<div id="b">left</div>
<div>
right<br>right<br>right<br>right<br>right<br>
</div>
</div>
Here's an illustration from the flexbox spec that highlights the five values for align-items and how they position flex items within the container. As mentioned before, stretch is the default value.
Source: W3C