I have a class FPlan that has a number of methods such as permute and packing.
__host__ __device__ void Perturb_action(FPlan *dfp){
dfp->perturb();
dfp->packing();
}
__global__ void Vector_Perturb(FPlan **dfp, int n){
int i=threadIx.x;
if(i<n) Perturb_action(dfp[i]);
}
in main:
FPlan **fp_vec;
fp_vec=(FPlan**)malloc(VEC_SIZE*sizeof(FPlan*));
//initialize the vec
for(int i=0; i<VEC_SIZE;i++)
fp_vec[i]=&fp;
//fp of type FPlan that is initialized
int v_sz=sizeof(fp_vec);
double test=fp_vec[0]->getCost();
printf("the cost before perturb %f\n"test);
FPlan **value;
cudaMalloc(&value,v_sz);
cudaMemcpy(value,&fp_vec,v_sz,cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
//call kernel
dim3 threadsPerBlock(VEC_SIZE);
dim3 numBlocks(1);
Vector_Perturb<<<numBlocks,threadsPerBlock>>> (value,VEC_SIZE);
cudaMemcpy(fp_vec,value,v_sz,cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
test=fp_vec[0]->getCost();
printf("the cost after perturb %f\n"test);
test=fp_vec[1]->getCost();
printf("the cost after perturb %f\n"test);
I am getting before permute for fp_vec[0] printf the cost 0.8.
After permute for fp_vec[0] the value inf and for fp_vec[1] the value 0.8.
The expected output after the permutation should be something like fp_vec[0] = 0.7 and fp_vec[1] = 0.9. I want to apply these permutations to an array of type FPlan.
What am I missing? Is calling an external function supported in CUDA?
This seems to be a common problem these days:
Consider the following code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
int* arr = (int*) malloc(100);
printf("sizeof(arr) = %i", sizeof(arr));
return 0;
}
what is the expected ouptut? 100? no its 4 (at least on a 32 bit machine). sizeof() returns the size of the type of a variable not the allocated size of an array.
int v_sz=sizeof(fp_vec);
double test=fp_vec[0]->getCost();
printf("the cost before perturb %f\n"test);
FPlan **value;
cudaMalloc(&value,v_sz);
cudaMemcpy(value,&fp_vec,v_sz,cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
You are allocating 4 (or 8) bytes on the device and copy 4 (or 8) bytes. The result is undefined (and maybe every time garbage).
Besides that, you shold do proper error checking of your CUDA calls.
Have a look: What is the canonical way to check for errors using the CUDA runtime API?
Related
I'm new to CUDA/C and new to stack overflow. This is my first question.
I'm trying to allocate memory dynamically in a kernel function, but the results are unexpected.
I read using malloc() in a kernel can lower performance a lot, but I need it anyway so I first tried with a simple int ** array just to test the possibility, then I'll actually need to allocate more complex structs.
In my main I used cudaMalloc() to allocate the space for the array of int *, and then I used malloc() for every thread in the kernel function to allocate the array for every index of the outer array. I then used another thread to check the result, but it doesn't always work.
Here's main code:
#define N_CELLE 1024*2
#define L_CELLE 512
extern "C" {
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
int *result = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));
int *d_result;
int size_numbers = N_CELLE * sizeof(int *);
int **d_numbers;
cudaMalloc((void **)&d_numbers, size_numbers);
cudaMalloc((void **)&d_result, sizeof(int *));
kernel_one<<<2, 1024>>>(d_numbers);
cudaDeviceSynchronize();
kernel_two<<<1, 1>>>(d_numbers, d_result);
cudaMemcpy(result, d_result, sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
printf("%d\n", *result);
cudaFree(d_numbers);
cudaFree(d_result);
free(result);
}
}
I used extern "C"because I could't compile while importing my header, which is not used in this example code. I pasted it since I don't know if this may be relevant or not.
This is kernel_one code:
__global__ void kernel_one(int **d_numbers) {
int i = threadIdx.x + blockIdx.x * blockDim.x;
d_numbers[i] = (int *)malloc(L_CELLE*sizeof(int));
for(int j=0; j<L_CELLE;j++)
d_numbers[i][j] = 1;
}
And this is kernel_two code:
__global__ void kernel_two(int **d_numbers, int *d_result) {
int temp = 0;
for(int i=0; i<N_CELLE; i++) {
for(int j=0; j<L_CELLE;j++)
temp += d_numbers[i][j];
}
*d_result = temp;
}
Everything works fine (aka the count is correct) until I use less than 1024*2*512 total blocks in device memory. For example, if I #define N_CELLE 1024*4 the program starts giving "random" results, such as negative numbers.
Any idea of what the problem could be?
Thanks anyone!
In-kernel memory allocation draws memory from a statically allocated runtime heap. At larger sizes, you are exceeding the size of that heap and then your two kernels are attempting to read and write from uninitialised memory. This produces a runtime error on the device and renders the results invalid. You would already know this if you either added correct API error checking on the host side, or ran your code with the cuda-memcheck utility.
The solution is to ensure that the heap size is set to something appropriate before trying to run a kernel. Adding something like this:
size_t heapsize = sizeof(int) * size_t(N_CELLE) * size_t(2*L_CELLE);
cudaDeviceSetLimit(cudaLimitMallocHeapSize, heapsize);
to your host code before any other API calls, should solve the problem.
I don't know anything about CUDA but these are severe bugs:
You cannot convert from int** to void**. They are not compatible types. Casting doesn't solve the problem, but hides it.
&d_numbers gives the address of a pointer to pointer which is wrong. It is of type int***.
Both of the above bugs result in undefined behavior. If your program somehow seems to works in some condition, that's just by pure (bad) luck only.
I am reading Cuda by examples book and I came across this sentence:
However, it is the responsibility of the programmer not to dereference the pointer
returned by cudaMalloc() from code that executes on the host. Host code may
pass this pointer around, perform arithmetic on it, or even cast it to a different
type. But you cannot use it to read or write from memory.
Specifically, how would the 'perform an arithmetic on a pointer returned by cudaMalloc()' be done?
I tried running the following addition code with 2 additional lines before and after the kernel was called, but it had no effect on the output(which is 12 with or without those lines).
#include <iostream>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <device_launch_parameters.h>
__global__
void add(int a, int b, int *c)
{
*c += a + b;
}
int main()
{
int *c, d;
cudaMalloc((void**)&c, sizeof(int));
*c = 10;
add << <1,1>> > (5,7,c);
*c += 5;
cudaMemcpy(&d, c, sizeof(int), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
std::cout << d<<std::endl;
return 0;
}
I am a beginner and wold appreciate your help.
pointer arithmetic is a concept associated with C and C++, it is not unique or specific to CUDA.
This is not an example of pointer arithmetic:
*c = 10;
nor is this:
*c += 5;
These are both modifications of what the pointer is pointing to, not the pointer itself. Pointer arithmetic involves adjustments to the pointer value itself. (And by the way the code you have shown is illegal in CUDA - it is not legal to dereference ordinary device pointers in host code. *c is an operation that dereferences the pointer c. It is not the same as pointer arithmetic.)
Suppose I had a device memory allocation of 1024 int quantities:
cudaMalloc(&data, 1024 * sizeof(int));
Now suppose I wanted to cause the first invocation of a CUDA kernel to start working on the beginning of the array, and a second invocation of a CUDA kernel to start working at the midpoint of the array, but otherwise perform the same work.
I might do something like this, and the second kernel invocation has an argument that involves pointer arithmetic:
kernel<<<...>>>(data, 512);
kernel<<<...>>>(data+512, 512);
The data+512 argument involves pointer arithmetic. This will pass a pointer to the kernel that points to the midpoint of the data array, rather than the beginning of the array. If I wanted to carry this pointer around in host code, I could do:
int *datahalf = data+512;
I am trying to write a code which performs multiple vector dot product inside the kernel. I'm using cublasSdot function from cublas library to perform vector dot product. This is my code:
using namespace std;
__global__ void ker(float * a, float * c,long long result_size,int n, int m)
{
float *sum;
int id = blockIdx.x*blockDim.x+threadIdx.x;
float *out1,*out2;
int k;
if(id<result_size)
{
cublasHandle_t handle;
cublasCreate(&handle);
out1 = a + id*m;
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
out2 =a + k*m;
cublasSdot(handle, m,out1,1,out2,1,sum);
c[id*n + k]= *sum;
}
}
}
int main()
{
int n=70000,m=100;
long result_size=n;
result_size*=n;
float * dev_data,*dev_result;
float * data = new float [n*m];
float * result = new float [result_size];
for (int i = 0; i< n; i++)
for(int j = 0; j <m;j++)
{
data[i*m+j]=rand();
}
cudaMalloc ((void**)&dev_data,sizeof(float)*m*n);
cudaMalloc ((void**)&dev_result,sizeof(float)*result_size);
cudaMemcpy( dev_data, data, sizeof(float) * m* n, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
int block_size=1024;
int grid_size=ceil((float)result_size/(float)block_size);
ker<<<grid_size,block_size>>>(dev_data,dev_result,result_size,n,m);
cudaDeviceSynchronize();
cudaMemcpy(result, dev_result, sizeof(float)*(result_size), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
return 0;
}
I have included cublas_v2 library and used the following command to compile the code:
nvcc -lcublas_device -arch=sm_35 -rdc=true askstack.cu -o askstack
But I got the following message:
ptxas info : 'device-function-maxrregcount' is a BETA feature
Can anyone please let me know what should I do regarding this message?
This message is informational, as said by talonmies.
This maxregcount option of NVCC is used to specify a limit of registers that can be used by a kernel and all the device functions it uses :
If a kernel is limited to a certain number of registers with the launch_bounds attribute or the --maxrregcount option, then all functions that the kernel calls must not use more than that number of registers; if they exceed the limit, then a link error will be given.
See : NVCC Doc : 6.5.1. Object Compatibility
It seems that device-function-maxregcount is used to override this value for device functions only. So, you can have a different maximum amount of registers allowed on kernels and device functions.
For device functions, this option overrides the value specified by --maxregcount.
Source : The CUDA Handbook
I am reading the CUB documentations and examples:
#include <cub/cub.cuh> // or equivalently <cub/block/block_radix_sort.cuh>
__global__ void ExampleKernel(...)
{
// Specialize BlockRadixSort for 128 threads owning 4 integer items each
typedef cub::BlockRadixSort<int, 128, 4> BlockRadixSort;
// Allocate shared memory for BlockRadixSort
__shared__ typename BlockRadixSort::TempStorage temp_storage;
// Obtain a segment of consecutive items that are blocked across threads
int thread_keys[4];
...
// Collectively sort the keys
BlockRadixSort(temp_storage).Sort(thread_keys);
...
}
In the example, each thread has 4 keys. It looks like 'thread_keys' will be allocated in global local memory. If I only has 1 key per thread, could I declare"int thread_key;" and make this variable in register only?
BlockRadixSort(temp_storage).Sort() is taking a pointer to the key as parameter. Does it mean that the keys have to be in global memory?
I would like to use this code but I want each thread to hold one key in register and keep it on-chip in register/shared memory after they are sorted.
Thanks in advance!
You can do this using shared memory (which will keep it "on-chip"). I'm not sure I know how to do it using strictly registers without de-constructing the BlockRadixSort object.
Here's an example code that uses shared memory to hold the initial data to be sorted, and the final sorted results. This sample is mostly set up for one data element per thread, since that seems to be what you are asking for. It's not difficult to extend it to multiple elements per thread, and I have put most of the plumbing in place to do that, with the exception of the data synthesis and debug printouts:
#include <cub/cub.cuh>
#include <stdio.h>
#define nTPB 32
#define ELEMS_PER_THREAD 1
// Block-sorting CUDA kernel (nTPB threads each owning ELEMS_PER THREAD integers)
__global__ void BlockSortKernel()
{
__shared__ int my_val[nTPB*ELEMS_PER_THREAD];
using namespace cub;
// Specialize BlockRadixSort collective types
typedef BlockRadixSort<int, nTPB, ELEMS_PER_THREAD> my_block_sort;
// Allocate shared memory for collectives
__shared__ typename my_block_sort::TempStorage sort_temp_stg;
// need to extend synthetic data for ELEMS_PER_THREAD > 1
my_val[threadIdx.x*ELEMS_PER_THREAD] = (threadIdx.x + 5)%nTPB; // synth data
__syncthreads();
printf("thread %d data = %d\n", threadIdx.x, my_val[threadIdx.x*ELEMS_PER_THREAD]);
// Collectively sort the keys
my_block_sort(sort_temp_stg).Sort(*static_cast<int(*)[ELEMS_PER_THREAD]>(static_cast<void*>(my_val+(threadIdx.x*ELEMS_PER_THREAD))));
__syncthreads();
printf("thread %d sorted data = %d\n", threadIdx.x, my_val[threadIdx.x*ELEMS_PER_THREAD]);
}
int main(){
BlockSortKernel<<<1,nTPB>>>();
cudaDeviceSynchronize();
}
This seems to work correctly for me, in this case I happened to be using RHEL 5.5/gcc 4.1.2, CUDA 6.0 RC, and CUB v1.2.0 (which is quite recent).
The strange/ugly static casting is needed as far as I can tell, because the CUB Sort is expecting a reference to an array of length equal to the customization parameter ITEMS_PER_THREAD(i.e. ELEMS_PER_THREAD):
__device__ __forceinline__ void Sort(
Key (&keys)[ITEMS_PER_THREAD],
int begin_bit = 0,
int end_bit = sizeof(Key) * 8)
{ ...
i have a cufftcomplex data block which is the result from cuda fft(R2C). i know the data is save as a structure with a real number followed by image number. now i want to get the amplitude=sqrt(R*R+I*I), and phase=arctan(I/R) of each complex element by a fast way(not for loop). Is there any good way to do that? or any library could do that?
Since cufftExecR2C operates on data that is on the GPU, the results are already on the GPU, (before you copy them back to the host, if you are doing that.)
It should be straightforward to write your own cuda kernel to accomplish this. The amplitude you're describing is the value returned by cuCabs or cuCabsf in cuComplex.h header file. By looking at the functions in that header file, you should be able to figure out how to write your own that computes the phase angle. You'll note that cufftComplex is just a typedef of cuComplex.
let's say your cufftExecR2C call left some results of type cufftComplex in array data of size sz. Your kernel might look like this:
#include <math.h>
#include <cuComplex.h>
#include <cufft.h>
#define nTPB 256 // threads per block for kernel
#define sz 100000 // or whatever your output data size is from the FFT
...
__host__ __device__ float carg(const cuComplex& z) {return atan2(cuCimagf(z), cuCrealf(z));} // polar angle
__global__ void magphase(cufftComplex *data, float *mag, float *phase, int dsz){
int idx = threadIdx.x + blockDim.x*blockIdx.x;
if (idx < dsz){
mag[idx] = cuCabsf(data[idx]);
phase[idx] = carg(data[idx]);
}
}
...
int main(){
...
/* Use the CUFFT plan to transform the signal in place. */
/* Your code might be something like this already: */
if (cufftExecR2C(plan, (cufftReal*)data, data) != CUFFT_SUCCESS){
fprintf(stderr, "CUFFT error: ExecR2C Forward failed");
return;
}
/* then you might add: */
float *h_mag, *h_phase, *d_mag, *d_phase;
// malloc your h_ arrays using host malloc first, then...
cudaMalloc((void **)&d_mag, sz*sizeof(float));
cudaMalloc((void **)&d_phase, sz*sizeof(float));
magphase<<<(sz+nTPB-1)/nTPB, nTPB>>>(data, d_mag, d_phase, sz);
cudaMemcpy(h_mag, d_mag, sz*sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
cudaMemcpy(h_phase, d_phase, sz*sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
You can also do this using thrust by creating functors for the magnitude and phase functions, and passing these functors along with data, mag and phase to thrust::transform.
I'm sure you can probably do it with CUBLAS as well, using a combination of vector add and vector multiply operations.
This question/answer may be of interest as well. I lifted my phase function carg from there.