How to use foreign keys with PHP - mysql

Question

So I understand how to create foreign keys and I know what is the purpose of the FK. But I have a problem in understanding How to use them. I asked a question regarding Foreign keys HERE(Click link)
Here is what I made:
CREATE TABLE user(
id INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
username VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
password VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
CREATE TABLE items(
i_id INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name TINYTEXT NOT NULL,
price DECIMAL(8,2) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (i_id)
);
CREATE TABLE user_purchase(
i_id INT(11) NOT NULL,
name TINYTEXT NOT NULL,
id INT(11) NOT NULL,
FOREIGN KEY (i_id) REFERENCES items(i_id),
FOREIGN KEY (name) REFERENCES items(name),
FOREIGN KEY (id) REFERENCES user(id)
);
Now my question is how do I make the most out of this using PHP? From the link above, people have suggested that it's good to use only one foreign key in the user_purchase table, but what if I want several columns? Why don't we use several foreign keys for different columns of the same table?
I am using mysql and php. I would appreciate it if you could show some examples of how you use PHP with the tables which have foreign keys to get get information using MYSQL commands. I really need a thorough explanation.
I also need to understand the terms Normalization and Denormalization. I would appreciate if you could give some links which explain these terms in great detail with examples or if you have any suggestion for some great books for beginners in database design, implementation, etc, I would really appreciate.
Thanks a lot.

Answer 1

Foreign key columns/constraints disambiguation
So I understand how to create foreign keys and I know what is the
purpose of the FK. But I have a problem in understanding How to use
them.
Assuming you are referring to the foreign key constraints, the short answer would be you just don't use them.
And here comes the long one:
We are accustomed to refer to columns being foreign keys to other tables. Especially during the normalization process, phrases like "user_purchase.i_id is a foreign key to the items table" would be very common. While that's a perfectly valid way to describe the relationship, it can get a little fuzzy when we reach the implementation phase.
Suppose you have created your tables without the FOREIGN KEY clauses:
CREATE TABLE user(
id INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
username VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
password VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
CREATE TABLE items(
i_id INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
name TINYTEXT NOT NULL,
price DECIMAL(8,2) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (i_id)
);
CREATE TABLE user_purchase(
i_id INT(11) NOT NULL,
name TINYTEXT NOT NULL,
id INT(11) NOT NULL,
);
Notice that, relation-wise, the foreign key columns are still implemented. There's a column that references the user table (id) and another one that references the items table (i_id) -- let's put the name column aside for a moment. Consider the following data:
user user_purchase items
| id username | | id i_id | | i_id name price |
| 23 john | | 55 10 | | 10 chocolate bar 3.42 |
| 55 mary | | 70 10 | | 33 mobile phone 82.11 |
| 70 fred | | 70 33 | | 54 toothpaste 8.67 |
| 55 10 | | 26 toy car 6.00 |
| 70 26 |
The relation is there. It is implemented by means of the user_purchase table, which holds information as to who bought what. If we were to query the database for a relevant report, we would do:
select * from user_purchase p
join user u on (p.id=u.id)
join items i on (p.i_id=i.i_id)
And that's how we use the relation and the foreign key columns involved.
Now, what if we do:
insert into user_purchase (id,i_id) values (23,99)
Apparently, this is an invalid entry. Although there is a user with id=23, there's no item with i_id=99. The RDBMS would allow that to happen, because it doesn't know any better. Yet.
That's where foreign key constraints come into play. By specifying FOREIGN KEY (i_id) REFERENCES items(i_id) in the user_purchase table definition, we essentially give the RDBMS a rule to follow: entries with i_id values that are not contained in the items.i_id column are not acceptable. In other words, while a foreign key column implements the reference, a foreign key constraint enforces the referential integrity.
Note, however, that the above select wouldn't change, just because you defined a FK constraint. Thus, you don't use FK constraints, the RDBMS does, in order to protect your data.
Redundancies
...what if I want several columns? Why don't we use several foreign
keys for different columns of the same table?
Ask yourself: Why would you want that? If the two foreign keys are to serve the same purpose, the redundancy will eventually get you in trouble. Consider the following data:
user_purchase items
| id i_id name | | i_id name price |
| 55 10 chocolate bar | | 10 chocolate bar 3.42 |
| 70 10 chocolate bar | | 33 mobile phone 82.11 |
| 70 33 mobile phone | | 54 toothpaste 8.67 |
| 55 10 toothpaste | | 26 toy car 6.00 |
| 70 26 toy car |
What's wrong with this picture? Did user 55 buy two chocolate bars, or a chocolate bar and a toothpaste? This kind of ambiguity can lead to a lot of effort to keep data in-sync, which would be unnecessary if we just kept one of the foreign keys. In fact, why not drop the name column altogether, since it is implied by the relation.
Of course, we could resolve this by implementing a composite foreign key, by setting PRIMARY KEY(i_id,name) for the items table (or defining an extra UNIQUE(i_id,name) index, it doesn't realy matter) and then setting a FOREIGN KEY(i_id,name) REFERENCES items(i_id,name). This way, only (i_id,name) couples that exist in the items table would be valid for user_purchases. Apart from the fact that you would still have one foreign key, this approach is totally unnecessary, provided that the i_id column is already enough to identify an item (can't say the same for the name column...).
However, there's no rule against using multiple foreign keys to a table. In fact, there are circumstances that demand such an approach. Consider a person(id,name) table and a parent(person,father,mother) one, with the following data:
person parent
| id name | | person father mother |
| 14 John | | 21 14 59 |
| 43 Jane | | 14 76 43 |
| 21 Mike |
| 76 Frank |
| 59 Mary |
Obviously, all three columns of the parent table are foreign keys to person. Not for the same relation, though, but for three different ones: Since a person's parents are persons too, the two corresponding columns must reference the same table person does. Note, however, that the three fields not only can but also have to refer different persons in the same parent row, since noone is his own parent and noone's father is his mother as well.

Answer 2

Foreign keys are used in joins. For instance, if you want to know the usernames that purchased a particular item, you would write:
select u.username
from items i
join user_purchase up on i.i_id = up.i_id
join user u on u.id = up.id
where i.name = "Some product name"
They may also be used by the database engine itself. It can detect if you create a row in user_purchase whose id or i_id column doesn't match anything in the referenced column in the other table.
You should not replicate the name column in the user_purchase table. The name is just an attribute of the item, it's not specific to any particular purchase. If you need to get the name of the item that was purchased, join with the items table.

Answer 3

Instead of reading so many links, just try to implement this in any simple project. I'm just explaining how we gonna use the above tables.
Suppose you 3 users in user table and 5 items in items table.
user table
id | username | password
1 abc 123
2 def 456
3 qwe 987
items table
i_id | name | price
1 item 1 6
2 item 2 8
3 item 3 11
4 item 4 3
5 item 5 14
your user_purchase table look like this
CREATE TABLE user_purchase(
i_id INT(11) NOT NULL,
id INT(11) NOT NULL,
FOREIGN KEY (i_id) REFERENCES items(i_id),
FOREIGN KEY (id) REFERENCES user(id)
);
There is no need of item name again in this table. So I have removed.
i_id | id
1 1
1 2
2 2
3 3
In the above table we will get, user 1 has purchased item 1, user 2 has purchased item 1,item 2 and user 3 has purchased item 3.
This is how normalization works. You can use MySQL JOIN for getting user name and item details
SELECT B.user_name,C.name AS item_name,C.price
FROM user_purchase A
JOIN user B ON A.id = B.id
JOIN items C ON A.i_id = C.i_id
Here is foreign key use to join
A.id = B.id
A.i_id = C.i_id

Answer 4

You treet tables with foreign keys in php the same way, as if they had no foreign keys. Foreign keys are defined in the database and have (almost) nothing to do with php. The only thing you have to do in php is reacting to potential errors that can be returned by sql queries, which brake the foreign key constraint (typically DELETE queries).
And for your database schema, you should drop column "name" from "table user_purchase". It is redundat.

Answer 5

Just looking at the normalization/de-normalization point:
Normalization is a process of trying to remove redundancy in your database - in your example the name field in user_purchase is redundant - I can find out the name of the item by looking it up in the items table using i_id.
So if we were to look at normalizing user_purchase we'd probably remove the name field and use a JOIN to retrieve that when we needed it. This would, of course, also mean we don't need the second FOREIGN KEY reference to items.
De-normalization is basically going the opposite way - adding redundancy - usually done for performance reasons.
However, in your example you might also consider de-normalization for business reasons too. For example you might decide it is important to store the product name as it was when the user actually purchased it (rather than what it's called now) - just in case you need to be able to re-print an invoice for example. However even in this case you wouldn't want the FOREIGN KEY back to items (as it would "break" if the product was re-named).