How can I gracefully iterate over a key - value hash generated from JSON containing values set to 'undef' and 'null'? - json

Question

I am pulling a third party's json response and sometimes the values of the fields are literally 'undef' or 'null'. If I try to do a print of the key and value of each object in this json, whenever there is a undef value it will throw an uninitialized value error.
Is there something I can add to the initial $json->decode to change those null/undefs to something perl can handle? Or maybe even just have it exclude the value pairs that are null/undef from being deposited into $json_text?
my $json_text = $json->decode($content);
foreach my $article(#{$json_text->{data}->{articles}}){
while (my($k, $v) = each ($article)){
print "$k => $v\n";
}
}

Answer 1

$_ // "" will translate undef values to empty string,
my $json_text = $json->decode($content);
foreach my $article (#{$json_text->{data}->{articles}}) {
while (my($k, $v) = map { $_ // "" } each %$article) {
print "$k => $v\n";
}
}

Answer 2

Since you are running a version of Perl that allows each to be applied to a hash reference, you can also use the defined-or operator //.
An expression like a // b evaluates to a if a is defined, otherwise b.
You can use it like this.
my $json_text = $json->decode($content);
for my $article (#{$json_text->{data}{articles}}) {
while (my ($k, $v) = each $article) {
printf "%s => %s\n", $k, $v // 'null';
}
}

Answer 3

Try printf "%s => %s\n", $k || "empty", $v || "empty";
or even
$k ||= "empty";
$v ||= "empty";
print "$k => $v\n";