Related
When creating the id attributes for HTML elements, what rules are there for the value?
For HTML 4, the answer is technically:
ID and NAME tokens must begin with a letter ([A-Za-z]) and may be followed by any number of letters, digits ([0-9]), hyphens ("-"), underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and periods (".").
HTML 5 is even more permissive, saying only that an id must contain at least one character and may not contain any space characters.
The id attribute is case sensitive in XHTML.
As a purely practical matter, you may want to avoid certain characters. Periods, colons and '#' have special meaning in CSS selectors, so you will have to escape those characters using a backslash in CSS or a double backslash in a selector string passed to jQuery. Think about how often you will have to escape a character in your stylesheets or code before you go crazy with periods and colons in ids.
For example, the HTML declaration <div id="first.name"></div> is valid. You can select that element in CSS as #first\.name and in jQuery like so: $('#first\\.name'). But if you forget the backslash, $('#first.name'), you will have a perfectly valid selector looking for an element with id first and also having class name. This is a bug that is easy to overlook. You might be happier in the long run choosing the id first-name (a hyphen rather than a period), instead.
You can simplify your development tasks by strictly sticking to a naming convention. For example, if you limit yourself entirely to lower-case characters and always separate words with either hyphens or underscores (but not both, pick one and never use the other), then you have an easy-to-remember pattern. You will never wonder "was it firstName or FirstName?" because you will always know that you should type first_name. Prefer camel case? Then limit yourself to that, no hyphens or underscores, and always, consistently use either upper-case or lower-case for the first character, don't mix them.
A now very obscure problem was that at least one browser, Netscape 6, incorrectly treated id attribute values as case-sensitive. That meant that if you had typed id="firstName" in your HTML (lower-case 'f') and #FirstName { color: red } in your CSS (upper-case 'F'), that buggy browser would have failed to set the element's color to red. At the time of this edit, April 2015, I hope you aren't being asked to support Netscape 6. Consider this a historical footnote.
From the HTML 4 specification:
ID and NAME tokens must begin with a letter ([A-Za-z]) and may be followed by any number of letters, digits ([0-9]), hyphens ("-"), underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and periods (".").
A common mistake is to use an ID that starts with a digit.
You can technically use colons and periods in id/name attributes, but I would strongly suggest avoiding both.
In CSS (and several JavaScript libraries like jQuery), both the period and the colon have special meaning and you will run into problems if you're not careful. Periods are class selectors and colons are pseudo-selectors (eg., ":hover" for an element when the mouse is over it).
If you give an element the id "my.cool:thing", your CSS selector will look like this:
#my.cool:thing { ... /* some rules */ ... }
Which is really saying, "the element with an id of 'my', a class of 'cool' and the 'thing' pseudo-selector" in CSS-speak.
Stick to A-Z of any case, numbers, underscores and hyphens. And as said above, make sure your ids are unique.
That should be your first concern.
HTML5: Permitted Values for ID & Class Attributes
As of HTML5, the only restrictions on the value of an ID are:
must be unique in the document
must not contain any space characters
must contain at least one character
Similar rules apply to classes (except for the uniqueness, of course).
So the value can be all digits, just one digit, just punctuation characters, include special characters, whatever. Just no whitespace. This is very different from HTML4.
In HTML 4, ID values must begin with a letter, which can then be followed only by letters, digits, hyphens, underscores, colons and periods.
In HTML5 these are valid:
<div id="999"> ... </div>
<div id="#%LV-||"> ... </div>
<div id="____V"> ... </div>
<div id="⌘⌥"> ... </div>
<div id="♥"> ... </div>
<div id="{}"> ... </div>
<div id="©"> ... </div>
<div id="♤₩¤☆€~¥"> ... </div>
Just bear in mind that using numbers, punctuation or special characters in the value of an ID may cause trouble in other contexts (e.g., CSS, JavaScript, regex).
For example, the following ID is valid in HTML5:
<div id="9lions"> ... </div>
However, it is invalid in CSS:
From the CSS2.1 spec:
4.1.3 Characters and case
In CSS, identifiers (including element names, classes, and IDs in
selectors) can contain only the characters [a-zA-Z0-9] and ISO 10646
characters U+00A0 and higher, plus the hyphen (-) and the underscore
(_); they cannot start with a digit, two hyphens, or a hyphen
followed by a digit.
In most cases you may be able to escape characters in contexts where they have restrictions or special meaning.
W3C References
HTML5
3.2.5.1 The id
attribute
The id attribute specifies its element's unique identifier (ID).
The value must be unique amongst all the IDs in the element's home
subtree and must contain at least one character. The value must not
contain any space characters.
Note: There are no other restrictions on what form an ID can take; in
particular, IDs can consist of just digits, start with a digit, start
with an underscore, consist of just punctuation, etc.
3.2.5.7 The class
attribute
The attribute, if specified, must have a value that is a set of
space-separated tokens representing the various classes that the
element belongs to.
The classes that an HTML element has assigned to it consists of all
the classes returned when the value of the class attribute is split on
spaces. (Duplicates are ignored.)
There are no additional restrictions on the tokens authors can use in
the class attribute, but authors are encouraged to use values that
describe the nature of the content, rather than values that describe
the desired presentation of the content.
jQuery does handle any valid ID name. You just need to escape metacharacters (i.e., dots, semicolons, square brackets...). It's like saying that JavaScript has a problem with quotes only because you can't write
var name = 'O'Hara';
Selectors in jQuery API (see bottom note)
Strictly it should match
[A-Za-z][-A-Za-z0-9_:.]*
But jQuery seems to have problems with colons, so it might be better to avoid them.
HTML5:
It gets rid of the additional restrictions on the id attribute (see here). The only requirements left (apart from being unique in the document) are:
the value must contain at least one character (can’t be empty)
it can’t contain any space characters.
Pre-HTML5:
ID should match:
[A-Za-z][-A-Za-z0-9_:.]*
Must start with A-Z or a-z characters
May contain - (hyphen), _ (underscore), : (colon) and . (period)
But one should avoid : and . because:
For example, an ID could be labelled "a.b:c" and referenced in the style sheet as #a.b:c, but as well as being the id for the element, it could mean id "a", class "b", pseudo-selector "c". It is best to avoid the confusion and stay away from using . and : altogether.
In practice many sites use id attributes starting with numbers, even though this is technically not valid HTML.
The HTML 5 draft specification loosens up the rules for the id and name attributes: they are now just opaque strings which cannot contain spaces.
Hyphens, underscores, periods, colons, numbers and letters are all valid for use with CSS and jQuery. The following should work, but it must be unique throughout the page and also must start with a letter [A-Za-z].
Working with colons and periods needs a bit more work, but you can do it as the following example shows.
<html>
<head>
<title>Cake</title>
<style type="text/css">
#i\.Really\.Like\.Cake {
color: green;
}
#i\:Really\:Like\:Cake {
color: blue;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="i.Really.Like.Cake">Cake</div>
<div id="testResultPeriod"></div>
<div id="i:Really:Like:Cake">Cake</div>
<div id="testResultColon"></div>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.4.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function() {
var testPeriod = $("#i\\.Really\\.Like\\.Cake");
$("#testResultPeriod").html("found " + testPeriod.length + " result.");
var testColon = $("#i\\:Really\\:Like\\:Cake");
$("#testResultColon").html("found " + testColon.length + " result.");
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
HTML5
Keeping in mind that ID must be unique, i.e., there must not be multiple elements in a document that have the same id value.
The rules about ID content in HTML5 are (apart from being unique):
This attribute's value must not contain white spaces. [...]
Though this restriction has been lifted in HTML 5, an ID should start with a letter for compatibility.
This is the W3 spec about ID (from MDN):
Any string, with the following restrictions:
must be at least one character long
must not contain any space characters
Previous versions of HTML placed greater restrictions on the content of ID values (for example, they did not permit ID values to begin with a number).
More information:
W3 - global attributes (id)
MDN attribute (id)
To reference an id with a period in it, you need to use a backslash. I am not sure if it's the same for hyphens or underscores.
For example:
HTML
<div id="maintenance.instrumentNumber">############0218</div>
CSS
#maintenance\.instrumentNumber{word-wrap:break-word;}
From the HTML 4 specification...
The ID and NAME tokens must begin with a letter ([A-Za-z]) and may be followed by any number of letters, digits ([0-9]), hyphens ("-"), underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and periods (".").
Also, never forget that an ID is unique. Once used, the ID value may not appear again anywhere in the document.
You may have many ID's, but all must have a unique value.
On the other hand, there is the class-element. Just like ID, it can appear many times, but the value may be used over and over again.
A unique identifier for the element.
There must not be multiple elements in a document that have the same id value.
Any string, with the following restrictions:
must be at least one character long
must not contain any space characters:
U+0020 SPACE
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab)
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)
Using characters except ASCII letters and digits, '_', '-' and '.' may cause compatibility problems, as they weren't allowed in HTML 4. Though this restriction has been lifted in HTML 5, an ID should start with a letter for compatibility.
It appears that, although colons (:) and periods (.) are valid in the HTML specification, they are invalid as id selectors in CSS, so they are probably best avoided if you intend to use them for that purpose.
For HTML5:
The value must be unique amongst all the IDs in the element’s home
subtree and must contain at least one character. The value must not
contain any space characters.
At least one character, no spaces.
This opens the door for valid use cases such as using accented characters. It also gives us plenty of more ammo to shoot ourselves in the foot with, since you can now use id values that will cause problems with both CSS and JavaScript unless you’re really careful.
IDs are best suited for naming parts of your layout, so you should not give the same name for ID and class
ID allows alphanumeric and special characters
but avoid using the # : . * ! symbols
spaces are not allowed
not started with numbers or a hyphen followed by a digit
case sensitive
using ID selectors is faster than using class selectors
use hyphen "-" (underscore "_" can also be used, but it is not good for SEO) for long CSS class or Id rule names
If a rule has an ID selector as its key selector, don’t add the tag name to the rule. Since IDs are unique, adding a tag name would slow down the matching process needlessly.
In HTML5, the id attribute can be used on any HTML element and In HTML 4.01, the id attribute cannot be used with: <base>, <head>, <html>, <meta>, <param>, <script>, <style>, and <title>.
Any alpha-numeric value,"-", and "_" are valid. But, you should start the id name with any character between A-Z or a-z.
Since ES2015 we can as well use almost all Unicode characters for ID's, if the document character set is set to UTF-8.
Test out here: https://mothereff.in/js-variables
Read about it: Valid JavaScript variable names in ES2015
In ES2015, identifiers must start with $, _, or any symbol with the
Unicode derived core property ID_Start.
The rest of the identifier can contain $, _, U+200C zero width
non-joiner, U+200D zero width joiner, or any symbol with the Unicode
derived core property ID_Continue.
const target = document.querySelector("div").id
console.log("Div id:", target )
document.getElementById(target).style.background = "chartreuse"
div {
border: 5px blue solid;
width: 100%;
height: 200px
}
<div id="H̹̙̦̮͉̩̗̗ͧ̇̏̊̾Eͨ͆͒̆ͮ̃͏̷̮̣̫̤̣Cͯ̂͐͏̨̛͔̦̟͈̻O̜͎͍͙͚̬̝̣̽ͮ͐͗̀ͤ̍̀͢M̴̡̲̭͍͇̼̟̯̦̉̒͠Ḛ̛̙̞̪̗ͥͤͩ̾͑̔͐ͅṮ̴̷̷̗̼͍̿̿̓̽͐H̙̙̔̄͜"></div>
Should you use it? Probably not a good idea!
Read about it: JavaScript: "Syntax error missing } after function body"
No spaces, and it must begin with at least a character from a to z and 0 to 9.
In HTML
ID should start with {A-Z} or {a-z}. You can add digits, periods, hyphens, underscores, and colons.
For example:
<span id="testID2"></span>
<span id="test-ID2"></span>
<span id="test_ID2"></span>
<span id="test:ID2"></span>
<span id="test.ID2"></span>
But even though you can make ID with colons (:) or period (.). It is hard for CSS to use these IDs as a selector. Mainly when you want to use pseudo elements (:before and :after).
Also in JavaScript it is hard to select these ID's.
So you should use first four ID's as the preferred way by many developers around and if it's necessary then you can use the last two also.
Walues can be: [a-z], [A-Z], [0-9], [* _ : -]
It is used for HTML5...
We can add id with any tag.
Help, my Javascript is broken!
Everyone says IDs can't be duplicates.
Best tried in every browser but FireFox
<div id="ONE"></div>
<div id="ONE"></div>
<div id="ONE"></div>
<script>
document.body.append( document.querySelectorAll("#ONE").length , ' DIVs!')
document.body.append( ' in a ', typeof ONE )
console.log( ONE ); // a global var !!
</script>
Explanation
After the turn of the century Microsoft had 90% Browser Market share,
and implemented Browser behaviours that where never standardized:
1. create global variables for every ID
2. create an Array for duplicate IDs
All later Browser vendors copied this behaviour, otherwise their browser wouldn't support older sites.
Somewhere around 2015 Mozilla removed 2. from FireFox and 1. still works.
All other browsers still do 1. and 2.
I use it every day because typing ONE instead of document.querySelector("#ONE") helps me prototype faster; I do not use it in production.
Html ID
The id attribute specifies its element's unique identifier (ID).
There are no other restrictions on what form an ID can take; in particular, IDs can consist of just digits, start with a digit, start with an underscore, consist of just punctuation, etc.
An element's unique identifier can be used for a variety of purposes, most notably as a way to link to specific parts of a document using fragments, as a way to target an element when scripting, and as a way to style a specific element from CSS.
Uppercase and lowercase alphabets works
'_' and '-' works, too
Numbers works
Colons (,) and period (.) seems to work
Interestingly, emojis work
alphabets → caps & small
digits → 0-9
special characters → ':', '-', '_', '.'
The format should be either starting from '.' or an alphabet, followed by either of the special characters of more alphabets or numbers. The value of the id field must not end at an '_'.
Also, spaces are not allowed, if provided, they are treated as different values, which is not valid in case of the id attributes.
When creating the id attributes for HTML elements, what rules are there for the value?
For HTML 4, the answer is technically:
ID and NAME tokens must begin with a letter ([A-Za-z]) and may be followed by any number of letters, digits ([0-9]), hyphens ("-"), underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and periods (".").
HTML 5 is even more permissive, saying only that an id must contain at least one character and may not contain any space characters.
The id attribute is case sensitive in XHTML.
As a purely practical matter, you may want to avoid certain characters. Periods, colons and '#' have special meaning in CSS selectors, so you will have to escape those characters using a backslash in CSS or a double backslash in a selector string passed to jQuery. Think about how often you will have to escape a character in your stylesheets or code before you go crazy with periods and colons in ids.
For example, the HTML declaration <div id="first.name"></div> is valid. You can select that element in CSS as #first\.name and in jQuery like so: $('#first\\.name'). But if you forget the backslash, $('#first.name'), you will have a perfectly valid selector looking for an element with id first and also having class name. This is a bug that is easy to overlook. You might be happier in the long run choosing the id first-name (a hyphen rather than a period), instead.
You can simplify your development tasks by strictly sticking to a naming convention. For example, if you limit yourself entirely to lower-case characters and always separate words with either hyphens or underscores (but not both, pick one and never use the other), then you have an easy-to-remember pattern. You will never wonder "was it firstName or FirstName?" because you will always know that you should type first_name. Prefer camel case? Then limit yourself to that, no hyphens or underscores, and always, consistently use either upper-case or lower-case for the first character, don't mix them.
A now very obscure problem was that at least one browser, Netscape 6, incorrectly treated id attribute values as case-sensitive. That meant that if you had typed id="firstName" in your HTML (lower-case 'f') and #FirstName { color: red } in your CSS (upper-case 'F'), that buggy browser would have failed to set the element's color to red. At the time of this edit, April 2015, I hope you aren't being asked to support Netscape 6. Consider this a historical footnote.
From the HTML 4 specification:
ID and NAME tokens must begin with a letter ([A-Za-z]) and may be followed by any number of letters, digits ([0-9]), hyphens ("-"), underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and periods (".").
A common mistake is to use an ID that starts with a digit.
You can technically use colons and periods in id/name attributes, but I would strongly suggest avoiding both.
In CSS (and several JavaScript libraries like jQuery), both the period and the colon have special meaning and you will run into problems if you're not careful. Periods are class selectors and colons are pseudo-selectors (eg., ":hover" for an element when the mouse is over it).
If you give an element the id "my.cool:thing", your CSS selector will look like this:
#my.cool:thing { ... /* some rules */ ... }
Which is really saying, "the element with an id of 'my', a class of 'cool' and the 'thing' pseudo-selector" in CSS-speak.
Stick to A-Z of any case, numbers, underscores and hyphens. And as said above, make sure your ids are unique.
That should be your first concern.
HTML5: Permitted Values for ID & Class Attributes
As of HTML5, the only restrictions on the value of an ID are:
must be unique in the document
must not contain any space characters
must contain at least one character
Similar rules apply to classes (except for the uniqueness, of course).
So the value can be all digits, just one digit, just punctuation characters, include special characters, whatever. Just no whitespace. This is very different from HTML4.
In HTML 4, ID values must begin with a letter, which can then be followed only by letters, digits, hyphens, underscores, colons and periods.
In HTML5 these are valid:
<div id="999"> ... </div>
<div id="#%LV-||"> ... </div>
<div id="____V"> ... </div>
<div id="⌘⌥"> ... </div>
<div id="♥"> ... </div>
<div id="{}"> ... </div>
<div id="©"> ... </div>
<div id="♤₩¤☆€~¥"> ... </div>
Just bear in mind that using numbers, punctuation or special characters in the value of an ID may cause trouble in other contexts (e.g., CSS, JavaScript, regex).
For example, the following ID is valid in HTML5:
<div id="9lions"> ... </div>
However, it is invalid in CSS:
From the CSS2.1 spec:
4.1.3 Characters and case
In CSS, identifiers (including element names, classes, and IDs in
selectors) can contain only the characters [a-zA-Z0-9] and ISO 10646
characters U+00A0 and higher, plus the hyphen (-) and the underscore
(_); they cannot start with a digit, two hyphens, or a hyphen
followed by a digit.
In most cases you may be able to escape characters in contexts where they have restrictions or special meaning.
W3C References
HTML5
3.2.5.1 The id
attribute
The id attribute specifies its element's unique identifier (ID).
The value must be unique amongst all the IDs in the element's home
subtree and must contain at least one character. The value must not
contain any space characters.
Note: There are no other restrictions on what form an ID can take; in
particular, IDs can consist of just digits, start with a digit, start
with an underscore, consist of just punctuation, etc.
3.2.5.7 The class
attribute
The attribute, if specified, must have a value that is a set of
space-separated tokens representing the various classes that the
element belongs to.
The classes that an HTML element has assigned to it consists of all
the classes returned when the value of the class attribute is split on
spaces. (Duplicates are ignored.)
There are no additional restrictions on the tokens authors can use in
the class attribute, but authors are encouraged to use values that
describe the nature of the content, rather than values that describe
the desired presentation of the content.
jQuery does handle any valid ID name. You just need to escape metacharacters (i.e., dots, semicolons, square brackets...). It's like saying that JavaScript has a problem with quotes only because you can't write
var name = 'O'Hara';
Selectors in jQuery API (see bottom note)
Strictly it should match
[A-Za-z][-A-Za-z0-9_:.]*
But jQuery seems to have problems with colons, so it might be better to avoid them.
HTML5:
It gets rid of the additional restrictions on the id attribute (see here). The only requirements left (apart from being unique in the document) are:
the value must contain at least one character (can’t be empty)
it can’t contain any space characters.
Pre-HTML5:
ID should match:
[A-Za-z][-A-Za-z0-9_:.]*
Must start with A-Z or a-z characters
May contain - (hyphen), _ (underscore), : (colon) and . (period)
But one should avoid : and . because:
For example, an ID could be labelled "a.b:c" and referenced in the style sheet as #a.b:c, but as well as being the id for the element, it could mean id "a", class "b", pseudo-selector "c". It is best to avoid the confusion and stay away from using . and : altogether.
In practice many sites use id attributes starting with numbers, even though this is technically not valid HTML.
The HTML 5 draft specification loosens up the rules for the id and name attributes: they are now just opaque strings which cannot contain spaces.
Hyphens, underscores, periods, colons, numbers and letters are all valid for use with CSS and jQuery. The following should work, but it must be unique throughout the page and also must start with a letter [A-Za-z].
Working with colons and periods needs a bit more work, but you can do it as the following example shows.
<html>
<head>
<title>Cake</title>
<style type="text/css">
#i\.Really\.Like\.Cake {
color: green;
}
#i\:Really\:Like\:Cake {
color: blue;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="i.Really.Like.Cake">Cake</div>
<div id="testResultPeriod"></div>
<div id="i:Really:Like:Cake">Cake</div>
<div id="testResultColon"></div>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.4.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function() {
var testPeriod = $("#i\\.Really\\.Like\\.Cake");
$("#testResultPeriod").html("found " + testPeriod.length + " result.");
var testColon = $("#i\\:Really\\:Like\\:Cake");
$("#testResultColon").html("found " + testColon.length + " result.");
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
HTML5
Keeping in mind that ID must be unique, i.e., there must not be multiple elements in a document that have the same id value.
The rules about ID content in HTML5 are (apart from being unique):
This attribute's value must not contain white spaces. [...]
Though this restriction has been lifted in HTML 5, an ID should start with a letter for compatibility.
This is the W3 spec about ID (from MDN):
Any string, with the following restrictions:
must be at least one character long
must not contain any space characters
Previous versions of HTML placed greater restrictions on the content of ID values (for example, they did not permit ID values to begin with a number).
More information:
W3 - global attributes (id)
MDN attribute (id)
To reference an id with a period in it, you need to use a backslash. I am not sure if it's the same for hyphens or underscores.
For example:
HTML
<div id="maintenance.instrumentNumber">############0218</div>
CSS
#maintenance\.instrumentNumber{word-wrap:break-word;}
From the HTML 4 specification...
The ID and NAME tokens must begin with a letter ([A-Za-z]) and may be followed by any number of letters, digits ([0-9]), hyphens ("-"), underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and periods (".").
Also, never forget that an ID is unique. Once used, the ID value may not appear again anywhere in the document.
You may have many ID's, but all must have a unique value.
On the other hand, there is the class-element. Just like ID, it can appear many times, but the value may be used over and over again.
A unique identifier for the element.
There must not be multiple elements in a document that have the same id value.
Any string, with the following restrictions:
must be at least one character long
must not contain any space characters:
U+0020 SPACE
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab)
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)
Using characters except ASCII letters and digits, '_', '-' and '.' may cause compatibility problems, as they weren't allowed in HTML 4. Though this restriction has been lifted in HTML 5, an ID should start with a letter for compatibility.
It appears that, although colons (:) and periods (.) are valid in the HTML specification, they are invalid as id selectors in CSS, so they are probably best avoided if you intend to use them for that purpose.
For HTML5:
The value must be unique amongst all the IDs in the element’s home
subtree and must contain at least one character. The value must not
contain any space characters.
At least one character, no spaces.
This opens the door for valid use cases such as using accented characters. It also gives us plenty of more ammo to shoot ourselves in the foot with, since you can now use id values that will cause problems with both CSS and JavaScript unless you’re really careful.
IDs are best suited for naming parts of your layout, so you should not give the same name for ID and class
ID allows alphanumeric and special characters
but avoid using the # : . * ! symbols
spaces are not allowed
not started with numbers or a hyphen followed by a digit
case sensitive
using ID selectors is faster than using class selectors
use hyphen "-" (underscore "_" can also be used, but it is not good for SEO) for long CSS class or Id rule names
If a rule has an ID selector as its key selector, don’t add the tag name to the rule. Since IDs are unique, adding a tag name would slow down the matching process needlessly.
In HTML5, the id attribute can be used on any HTML element and In HTML 4.01, the id attribute cannot be used with: <base>, <head>, <html>, <meta>, <param>, <script>, <style>, and <title>.
Any alpha-numeric value,"-", and "_" are valid. But, you should start the id name with any character between A-Z or a-z.
Since ES2015 we can as well use almost all Unicode characters for ID's, if the document character set is set to UTF-8.
Test out here: https://mothereff.in/js-variables
Read about it: Valid JavaScript variable names in ES2015
In ES2015, identifiers must start with $, _, or any symbol with the
Unicode derived core property ID_Start.
The rest of the identifier can contain $, _, U+200C zero width
non-joiner, U+200D zero width joiner, or any symbol with the Unicode
derived core property ID_Continue.
const target = document.querySelector("div").id
console.log("Div id:", target )
document.getElementById(target).style.background = "chartreuse"
div {
border: 5px blue solid;
width: 100%;
height: 200px
}
<div id="H̹̙̦̮͉̩̗̗ͧ̇̏̊̾Eͨ͆͒̆ͮ̃͏̷̮̣̫̤̣Cͯ̂͐͏̨̛͔̦̟͈̻O̜͎͍͙͚̬̝̣̽ͮ͐͗̀ͤ̍̀͢M̴̡̲̭͍͇̼̟̯̦̉̒͠Ḛ̛̙̞̪̗ͥͤͩ̾͑̔͐ͅṮ̴̷̷̗̼͍̿̿̓̽͐H̙̙̔̄͜"></div>
Should you use it? Probably not a good idea!
Read about it: JavaScript: "Syntax error missing } after function body"
No spaces, and it must begin with at least a character from a to z and 0 to 9.
In HTML
ID should start with {A-Z} or {a-z}. You can add digits, periods, hyphens, underscores, and colons.
For example:
<span id="testID2"></span>
<span id="test-ID2"></span>
<span id="test_ID2"></span>
<span id="test:ID2"></span>
<span id="test.ID2"></span>
But even though you can make ID with colons (:) or period (.). It is hard for CSS to use these IDs as a selector. Mainly when you want to use pseudo elements (:before and :after).
Also in JavaScript it is hard to select these ID's.
So you should use first four ID's as the preferred way by many developers around and if it's necessary then you can use the last two also.
Walues can be: [a-z], [A-Z], [0-9], [* _ : -]
It is used for HTML5...
We can add id with any tag.
Help, my Javascript is broken!
Everyone says IDs can't be duplicates.
Best tried in every browser but FireFox
<div id="ONE"></div>
<div id="ONE"></div>
<div id="ONE"></div>
<script>
document.body.append( document.querySelectorAll("#ONE").length , ' DIVs!')
document.body.append( ' in a ', typeof ONE )
console.log( ONE ); // a global var !!
</script>
Explanation
After the turn of the century Microsoft had 90% Browser Market share,
and implemented Browser behaviours that where never standardized:
1. create global variables for every ID
2. create an Array for duplicate IDs
All later Browser vendors copied this behaviour, otherwise their browser wouldn't support older sites.
Somewhere around 2015 Mozilla removed 2. from FireFox and 1. still works.
All other browsers still do 1. and 2.
I use it every day because typing ONE instead of document.querySelector("#ONE") helps me prototype faster; I do not use it in production.
Html ID
The id attribute specifies its element's unique identifier (ID).
There are no other restrictions on what form an ID can take; in particular, IDs can consist of just digits, start with a digit, start with an underscore, consist of just punctuation, etc.
An element's unique identifier can be used for a variety of purposes, most notably as a way to link to specific parts of a document using fragments, as a way to target an element when scripting, and as a way to style a specific element from CSS.
Uppercase and lowercase alphabets works
'_' and '-' works, too
Numbers works
Colons (,) and period (.) seems to work
Interestingly, emojis work
alphabets → caps & small
digits → 0-9
special characters → ':', '-', '_', '.'
The format should be either starting from '.' or an alphabet, followed by either of the special characters of more alphabets or numbers. The value of the id field must not end at an '_'.
Also, spaces are not allowed, if provided, they are treated as different values, which is not valid in case of the id attributes.
I am having trouble understanding how escaping works inside html tag attribute values that are javascript.
I was lead to believe that you should always escape & ' " < > . So for javascript as an attribute value I tried:
It doesn't work. However:
and
does work in all browsers!
Now I am totally confused. If all my attribute values are enclosed in double quotes, does this mean I do not have to escape single quotes? Or is apos and ascii 39 technically different characters? Such that javascript requires ascii 39, but not apos?
There are two types of “escapes” involved here, HTML and JavaScript. When interpreting an HTML document, the HTML escapes are parsed first.
As far as HTML is considered, the rules within an attribute value are the same as elsewhere plus one additional rule:
The less-than character < should be escaped. Usually < is used for this. Technically, depending on HTML version, escaping is not always required, but it has always been good practice.
The ampersand & should be escaped. Usually & is used for this. This, too, is not always obligatory, but it is simpler to do it always than to learn and remember when it is required.
The character that is used as delimiters around the attribute value must be escaped inside it. If you use the Ascii quotation mark " as delimiter, it is customary to escape its occurrences using " whereas for the Ascii apostrophe, the entity reference ' is defined in some HTML versions only, so it it safest to use the numeric reference ' (or ').
You can escape > (or any other data character) if you like, but it is never needed.
On the JavaScript side, there are some escape mechanisms (with \) in string literals. But these are a different issue, and not relevant in your case.
In your example, on a browser that conforms to current specifications, the JavaScript interpreter sees exactly the same code alert('Hello');. The browser has “unescaped” ' or ' to '. I was somewhat surprised to hear that ' is not universally supported these days, but it’s not an issue: there is seldom any need to escape the Ascii apostrophe in HTML (escaping is only needed within attribute values and only if you use the Ascii apostrophe as its delimiter), and when there is, you can use the ' reference.
' is not a valid HTML reference entity. You should escape using '
This question already has answers here:
Closed 12 years ago.
Possible Duplicate:
When did single quotes in HTML become so popular?
Should I use ' or " when coding, for example width='100px' or width="100px". Is it only a matter of taste, or does it matter to the browsers?
The reason why I ask, I have always used "" for everything, so when I code with PHP, I have to escape like this:
echo "<table width=\"100px\>"";
But I've found out that I will probably save 2 minutes per day if I do this:
echo "<table width='100px'>"
Fewer key strokes. Of course I could also do this:
echo '<table width="100px">'
What should the HTML look like; 'option1' or "option2"?
Yes, it's a matter of taste. It makes no difference in HTML. Quoting the W3C on SGML and HMTL:
By default, SGML requires that all attribute values be delimited using either double quotation marks (ASCII decimal 34) or single quotation marks (ASCII decimal 39). Single quote marks can be included within the attribute value when the value is delimited by double quote marks, and vice versa.
...
In certain cases, authors may specify the value of an attribute without any quotation marks. The attribute value may only contain letters (a-z and A-Z), digits (0-9), hyphens (ASCII decimal 45), periods (ASCII decimal 46), underscores (ASCII decimal 95), and colons (ASCII decimal 58). We recommend using quotation marks even when it is possible to eliminate them.
However note that the width attribute is deprecated, even though it is still supported in all major browsers. Actually the width attribute is not deprecated when used in <table> in HTML 4.01. Only when used in <hr>, <pre>, <td>, <th> (Source 1, 2, 3, 4).
HTML5 supports attributes specified in any of these four different ways:
Empty attribute syntax: <input disabled>
Unquoted attribute value syntax: <input value=yes>
Single-quoted attribute value syntax: <input type='checkbox'>
Double-quoted attribute value syntax: <input name="be evil">
For me it is better to use ' than "". PHP will parse the string wrap with "" and using ' is faster because PHP will treat it just a string and no more parsing.
I agree with Daniel - it's a matter of taste.
Personally, I use double quotes when assigning values to attributes (e.g. width="100%"). Also, if you deal with JSON, strictly speaking, the names and values should be surrounded with double quotes ("").
echo '<table width="100px">'
Because other HTML tags are probably with double quotes, keep it clean, you don't need to escape quotes this way.
When creating the id attributes for HTML elements, what rules are there for the value?
For HTML 4, the answer is technically:
ID and NAME tokens must begin with a letter ([A-Za-z]) and may be followed by any number of letters, digits ([0-9]), hyphens ("-"), underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and periods (".").
HTML 5 is even more permissive, saying only that an id must contain at least one character and may not contain any space characters.
The id attribute is case sensitive in XHTML.
As a purely practical matter, you may want to avoid certain characters. Periods, colons and '#' have special meaning in CSS selectors, so you will have to escape those characters using a backslash in CSS or a double backslash in a selector string passed to jQuery. Think about how often you will have to escape a character in your stylesheets or code before you go crazy with periods and colons in ids.
For example, the HTML declaration <div id="first.name"></div> is valid. You can select that element in CSS as #first\.name and in jQuery like so: $('#first\\.name'). But if you forget the backslash, $('#first.name'), you will have a perfectly valid selector looking for an element with id first and also having class name. This is a bug that is easy to overlook. You might be happier in the long run choosing the id first-name (a hyphen rather than a period), instead.
You can simplify your development tasks by strictly sticking to a naming convention. For example, if you limit yourself entirely to lower-case characters and always separate words with either hyphens or underscores (but not both, pick one and never use the other), then you have an easy-to-remember pattern. You will never wonder "was it firstName or FirstName?" because you will always know that you should type first_name. Prefer camel case? Then limit yourself to that, no hyphens or underscores, and always, consistently use either upper-case or lower-case for the first character, don't mix them.
A now very obscure problem was that at least one browser, Netscape 6, incorrectly treated id attribute values as case-sensitive. That meant that if you had typed id="firstName" in your HTML (lower-case 'f') and #FirstName { color: red } in your CSS (upper-case 'F'), that buggy browser would have failed to set the element's color to red. At the time of this edit, April 2015, I hope you aren't being asked to support Netscape 6. Consider this a historical footnote.
From the HTML 4 specification:
ID and NAME tokens must begin with a letter ([A-Za-z]) and may be followed by any number of letters, digits ([0-9]), hyphens ("-"), underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and periods (".").
A common mistake is to use an ID that starts with a digit.
You can technically use colons and periods in id/name attributes, but I would strongly suggest avoiding both.
In CSS (and several JavaScript libraries like jQuery), both the period and the colon have special meaning and you will run into problems if you're not careful. Periods are class selectors and colons are pseudo-selectors (eg., ":hover" for an element when the mouse is over it).
If you give an element the id "my.cool:thing", your CSS selector will look like this:
#my.cool:thing { ... /* some rules */ ... }
Which is really saying, "the element with an id of 'my', a class of 'cool' and the 'thing' pseudo-selector" in CSS-speak.
Stick to A-Z of any case, numbers, underscores and hyphens. And as said above, make sure your ids are unique.
That should be your first concern.
HTML5: Permitted Values for ID & Class Attributes
As of HTML5, the only restrictions on the value of an ID are:
must be unique in the document
must not contain any space characters
must contain at least one character
Similar rules apply to classes (except for the uniqueness, of course).
So the value can be all digits, just one digit, just punctuation characters, include special characters, whatever. Just no whitespace. This is very different from HTML4.
In HTML 4, ID values must begin with a letter, which can then be followed only by letters, digits, hyphens, underscores, colons and periods.
In HTML5 these are valid:
<div id="999"> ... </div>
<div id="#%LV-||"> ... </div>
<div id="____V"> ... </div>
<div id="⌘⌥"> ... </div>
<div id="♥"> ... </div>
<div id="{}"> ... </div>
<div id="©"> ... </div>
<div id="♤₩¤☆€~¥"> ... </div>
Just bear in mind that using numbers, punctuation or special characters in the value of an ID may cause trouble in other contexts (e.g., CSS, JavaScript, regex).
For example, the following ID is valid in HTML5:
<div id="9lions"> ... </div>
However, it is invalid in CSS:
From the CSS2.1 spec:
4.1.3 Characters and case
In CSS, identifiers (including element names, classes, and IDs in
selectors) can contain only the characters [a-zA-Z0-9] and ISO 10646
characters U+00A0 and higher, plus the hyphen (-) and the underscore
(_); they cannot start with a digit, two hyphens, or a hyphen
followed by a digit.
In most cases you may be able to escape characters in contexts where they have restrictions or special meaning.
W3C References
HTML5
3.2.5.1 The id
attribute
The id attribute specifies its element's unique identifier (ID).
The value must be unique amongst all the IDs in the element's home
subtree and must contain at least one character. The value must not
contain any space characters.
Note: There are no other restrictions on what form an ID can take; in
particular, IDs can consist of just digits, start with a digit, start
with an underscore, consist of just punctuation, etc.
3.2.5.7 The class
attribute
The attribute, if specified, must have a value that is a set of
space-separated tokens representing the various classes that the
element belongs to.
The classes that an HTML element has assigned to it consists of all
the classes returned when the value of the class attribute is split on
spaces. (Duplicates are ignored.)
There are no additional restrictions on the tokens authors can use in
the class attribute, but authors are encouraged to use values that
describe the nature of the content, rather than values that describe
the desired presentation of the content.
jQuery does handle any valid ID name. You just need to escape metacharacters (i.e., dots, semicolons, square brackets...). It's like saying that JavaScript has a problem with quotes only because you can't write
var name = 'O'Hara';
Selectors in jQuery API (see bottom note)
Strictly it should match
[A-Za-z][-A-Za-z0-9_:.]*
But jQuery seems to have problems with colons, so it might be better to avoid them.
HTML5:
It gets rid of the additional restrictions on the id attribute (see here). The only requirements left (apart from being unique in the document) are:
the value must contain at least one character (can’t be empty)
it can’t contain any space characters.
Pre-HTML5:
ID should match:
[A-Za-z][-A-Za-z0-9_:.]*
Must start with A-Z or a-z characters
May contain - (hyphen), _ (underscore), : (colon) and . (period)
But one should avoid : and . because:
For example, an ID could be labelled "a.b:c" and referenced in the style sheet as #a.b:c, but as well as being the id for the element, it could mean id "a", class "b", pseudo-selector "c". It is best to avoid the confusion and stay away from using . and : altogether.
In practice many sites use id attributes starting with numbers, even though this is technically not valid HTML.
The HTML 5 draft specification loosens up the rules for the id and name attributes: they are now just opaque strings which cannot contain spaces.
Hyphens, underscores, periods, colons, numbers and letters are all valid for use with CSS and jQuery. The following should work, but it must be unique throughout the page and also must start with a letter [A-Za-z].
Working with colons and periods needs a bit more work, but you can do it as the following example shows.
<html>
<head>
<title>Cake</title>
<style type="text/css">
#i\.Really\.Like\.Cake {
color: green;
}
#i\:Really\:Like\:Cake {
color: blue;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="i.Really.Like.Cake">Cake</div>
<div id="testResultPeriod"></div>
<div id="i:Really:Like:Cake">Cake</div>
<div id="testResultColon"></div>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.4.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function() {
var testPeriod = $("#i\\.Really\\.Like\\.Cake");
$("#testResultPeriod").html("found " + testPeriod.length + " result.");
var testColon = $("#i\\:Really\\:Like\\:Cake");
$("#testResultColon").html("found " + testColon.length + " result.");
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
HTML5
Keeping in mind that ID must be unique, i.e., there must not be multiple elements in a document that have the same id value.
The rules about ID content in HTML5 are (apart from being unique):
This attribute's value must not contain white spaces. [...]
Though this restriction has been lifted in HTML 5, an ID should start with a letter for compatibility.
This is the W3 spec about ID (from MDN):
Any string, with the following restrictions:
must be at least one character long
must not contain any space characters
Previous versions of HTML placed greater restrictions on the content of ID values (for example, they did not permit ID values to begin with a number).
More information:
W3 - global attributes (id)
MDN attribute (id)
To reference an id with a period in it, you need to use a backslash. I am not sure if it's the same for hyphens or underscores.
For example:
HTML
<div id="maintenance.instrumentNumber">############0218</div>
CSS
#maintenance\.instrumentNumber{word-wrap:break-word;}
From the HTML 4 specification...
The ID and NAME tokens must begin with a letter ([A-Za-z]) and may be followed by any number of letters, digits ([0-9]), hyphens ("-"), underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and periods (".").
Also, never forget that an ID is unique. Once used, the ID value may not appear again anywhere in the document.
You may have many ID's, but all must have a unique value.
On the other hand, there is the class-element. Just like ID, it can appear many times, but the value may be used over and over again.
A unique identifier for the element.
There must not be multiple elements in a document that have the same id value.
Any string, with the following restrictions:
must be at least one character long
must not contain any space characters:
U+0020 SPACE
U+0009 CHARACTER TABULATION (tab)
U+000A LINE FEED (LF)
U+000C FORM FEED (FF)
U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)
Using characters except ASCII letters and digits, '_', '-' and '.' may cause compatibility problems, as they weren't allowed in HTML 4. Though this restriction has been lifted in HTML 5, an ID should start with a letter for compatibility.
It appears that, although colons (:) and periods (.) are valid in the HTML specification, they are invalid as id selectors in CSS, so they are probably best avoided if you intend to use them for that purpose.
For HTML5:
The value must be unique amongst all the IDs in the element’s home
subtree and must contain at least one character. The value must not
contain any space characters.
At least one character, no spaces.
This opens the door for valid use cases such as using accented characters. It also gives us plenty of more ammo to shoot ourselves in the foot with, since you can now use id values that will cause problems with both CSS and JavaScript unless you’re really careful.
IDs are best suited for naming parts of your layout, so you should not give the same name for ID and class
ID allows alphanumeric and special characters
but avoid using the # : . * ! symbols
spaces are not allowed
not started with numbers or a hyphen followed by a digit
case sensitive
using ID selectors is faster than using class selectors
use hyphen "-" (underscore "_" can also be used, but it is not good for SEO) for long CSS class or Id rule names
If a rule has an ID selector as its key selector, don’t add the tag name to the rule. Since IDs are unique, adding a tag name would slow down the matching process needlessly.
In HTML5, the id attribute can be used on any HTML element and In HTML 4.01, the id attribute cannot be used with: <base>, <head>, <html>, <meta>, <param>, <script>, <style>, and <title>.
Any alpha-numeric value,"-", and "_" are valid. But, you should start the id name with any character between A-Z or a-z.
Since ES2015 we can as well use almost all Unicode characters for ID's, if the document character set is set to UTF-8.
Test out here: https://mothereff.in/js-variables
Read about it: Valid JavaScript variable names in ES2015
In ES2015, identifiers must start with $, _, or any symbol with the
Unicode derived core property ID_Start.
The rest of the identifier can contain $, _, U+200C zero width
non-joiner, U+200D zero width joiner, or any symbol with the Unicode
derived core property ID_Continue.
const target = document.querySelector("div").id
console.log("Div id:", target )
document.getElementById(target).style.background = "chartreuse"
div {
border: 5px blue solid;
width: 100%;
height: 200px
}
<div id="H̹̙̦̮͉̩̗̗ͧ̇̏̊̾Eͨ͆͒̆ͮ̃͏̷̮̣̫̤̣Cͯ̂͐͏̨̛͔̦̟͈̻O̜͎͍͙͚̬̝̣̽ͮ͐͗̀ͤ̍̀͢M̴̡̲̭͍͇̼̟̯̦̉̒͠Ḛ̛̙̞̪̗ͥͤͩ̾͑̔͐ͅṮ̴̷̷̗̼͍̿̿̓̽͐H̙̙̔̄͜"></div>
Should you use it? Probably not a good idea!
Read about it: JavaScript: "Syntax error missing } after function body"
No spaces, and it must begin with at least a character from a to z and 0 to 9.
In HTML
ID should start with {A-Z} or {a-z}. You can add digits, periods, hyphens, underscores, and colons.
For example:
<span id="testID2"></span>
<span id="test-ID2"></span>
<span id="test_ID2"></span>
<span id="test:ID2"></span>
<span id="test.ID2"></span>
But even though you can make ID with colons (:) or period (.). It is hard for CSS to use these IDs as a selector. Mainly when you want to use pseudo elements (:before and :after).
Also in JavaScript it is hard to select these ID's.
So you should use first four ID's as the preferred way by many developers around and if it's necessary then you can use the last two also.
Walues can be: [a-z], [A-Z], [0-9], [* _ : -]
It is used for HTML5...
We can add id with any tag.
Help, my Javascript is broken!
Everyone says IDs can't be duplicates.
Best tried in every browser but FireFox
<div id="ONE"></div>
<div id="ONE"></div>
<div id="ONE"></div>
<script>
document.body.append( document.querySelectorAll("#ONE").length , ' DIVs!')
document.body.append( ' in a ', typeof ONE )
console.log( ONE ); // a global var !!
</script>
Explanation
After the turn of the century Microsoft had 90% Browser Market share,
and implemented Browser behaviours that where never standardized:
1. create global variables for every ID
2. create an Array for duplicate IDs
All later Browser vendors copied this behaviour, otherwise their browser wouldn't support older sites.
Somewhere around 2015 Mozilla removed 2. from FireFox and 1. still works.
All other browsers still do 1. and 2.
I use it every day because typing ONE instead of document.querySelector("#ONE") helps me prototype faster; I do not use it in production.
Html ID
The id attribute specifies its element's unique identifier (ID).
There are no other restrictions on what form an ID can take; in particular, IDs can consist of just digits, start with a digit, start with an underscore, consist of just punctuation, etc.
An element's unique identifier can be used for a variety of purposes, most notably as a way to link to specific parts of a document using fragments, as a way to target an element when scripting, and as a way to style a specific element from CSS.
Uppercase and lowercase alphabets works
'_' and '-' works, too
Numbers works
Colons (,) and period (.) seems to work
Interestingly, emojis work
alphabets → caps & small
digits → 0-9
special characters → ':', '-', '_', '.'
The format should be either starting from '.' or an alphabet, followed by either of the special characters of more alphabets or numbers. The value of the id field must not end at an '_'.
Also, spaces are not allowed, if provided, they are treated as different values, which is not valid in case of the id attributes.