So I'm trying to access my root directory in HTML but when I use / it is not working. So for example I'm trying to get my navigation css by doing:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/nav.css">
The weird thing is, it works perfectly fine when I am using VS Code with the live server extension, but I just recently noticed when I run the index.html file alone none of the links starting with the / work. I know this is the issue too, because when I take away the / in the above line, it works perfectly fine again (only for the homepage page in the root directory already).
As Quentin points out, if you're loading the index.html file locally without a server, the root directory will be the root of your file system. If your requirement is for the index.html file to work locally on your professor's machine without a web server, you should use relative paths.
In order to traverse back up your file system from the current file, you can use paths that start with ../
when I run the index.html file alone none of the links starting with the / work
If you are running index.html alone then the links starting with / will be relative to the root of your file system.
The browser doesn't (and can't) know which directory represents the root of your web site project.
Use a web server. Load the data over HTTP.
Try this:
./nav.css
It (I mean, ./) loads files in the same directory of index.html, same as nav.css. With VS Code, I bet ./nav.css should work for the live preview too: using an external HTTP server (such as http-server on Node.js) helps, because it takes the current directory (where index.html is) as the root and you can easily reach /nav.css. Without a live server, the relative path could be reached as I said with ./nav.css (a typical *NIX path) or simply nav.css without slashes on Windows.
As others have indicated then the reason it's not working is because by loading the file directly you are now loading it as a local file rather than a file on website, and thus your URL base (Your /) is now referring to the root of your local file system. Which would likely be C:\ on a windows system or your actual root / on a *nix system.
To actually solve your issue I would suggest one of the following solutions:
Just always run the project over HTTP through a server.
Go through your project and change all of your paths to be relative paths. You might be able to use a find replace in your editor to do this.
Use a <base> tag to specify what the base href of your web page should be.
If you can't use a server and just have a single HTML file then it might be quickest to use fix 3. You can probably get away with using <base href="."> to make the base the current directory of your index.html file which, I suspect, will be a drop in solution to make things work as they did before.
In future best consider this and how you are going to run the file, and what your URLs are going to be relative to. It's a wrinkle that can be easily missed nowadays that the tools we use in development are so good at hiding the details of how websites are actually deployed.
I don't think <base> is a good idea.
It will change the base href in the whole page, which might cause problems when using other links or section navigation.
I know ../ means go up a path, but what does ./ mean exactly?
I was recently going through a tutorial and it seems to be referring to just a file in the same location, so is it necessary at all? Can I just not use it if that's all it's doing?
/ means the root of the current drive;
./ means the current directory;
../ means the parent of the current directory.
You can use the following list as quick reference:
/ = Root directory
. = This location
.. = Up a directory
./ = Current directory
../ = Parent of current directory
../../ = Two directories backwards
Useful article:
https://css-tricks.com/quick-reminder-about-file-paths/
./ is the the folder that the working file is in:
So in /index.htm ./ is the root directory
but in /css/style.css ./ is the css folder.
This is important to remember because if you move CSS from /index.htm to /css/style.css the path will change.
. = This location
.. = Up a directory
So, ./foo.html is just foo.html. And it is optional, but may have relevance if a script generated the path (relevance to the script that is, not how the reference works).
Yes, ./ means the current working directory. You can just reference the file directly by name, without it.
A fast and small recap about paths
Absolute paths
http://website.com/assets/image.jpg
IF the image is not on your domain - go look there for image
//website.com/assets/image.jpg
image loaded using http or https protocols
Relative paths
(For internal use if the image is on the same server)
image.jpg
image in the same place as the document calling the image!
./image.jpg
Same as above, image in the same place as the document calling the image!
/assets/image.jpg
Similar to Absolute Paths, just omitting the protocol and domain name
Go search my image starting from my root folder /, than into assets/
assets/image.jpg
this time assets is in the same place as the document, so go into assets for the image
../assets/image.jpg
From where the document is, go one folder back ../ and go into assets
../../image.jpg
go two folders back, there's my image!
../../assets/image.jpg
go two folders back ../../ and than go into assets
You are correct that you can omit it. It's useful only for clarity. There is no functional difference between it being there and not being there.
For example css files are in folder named CSS and html files are in folder HTML, and both these are in folder named XYZ means we refer css files in html as
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./../CSS/style.css" />
Here .. moves up to HTML
and . refers to the current directory XYZ
---by this logic you would just reference as:
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="CSS/style.css" />
Yeah ./ means the directory you're currently in.
Do NOT use ./ as a web path! I explain why and what it is below...
TRUE WEB PATHS YOU SHOULD ALWAYS USE
../siblingfolder/file.html is a web path that starts from the folder you are in, goes up one parent folder (../), goes down into a new folder called "siblingfolder" and to "file.html" inside it. This is a type of relative path in the web world.
childfolder/file.html is another kind of web path that starts from the folder you are in and goes down to "childfolder" and "file.html" inside it. This is also as a relative path.
/subrootfolder/file.html is a web path that starts from the web root of your website and goes down from the web root into "subrootfolder" as an absolute path. Note: This path has the added advantage in that it works from any file and folder location on the server.
http://somewebsite.com/subrootfolder/file.html is another web path which works exactly the same as the ones above, but requires your web domain in the path. It still works but is very limiting because the web domain is hard-coded into the path. Some call this a fully qualified web path, which has some uses. The web browser also resolves most file paths to this address or an IP version of it.
AWKWARD AND RARELY USED PATHS
. is a shorthand for the current location or file context and is used in Linux and Unix to execute a compiled program in the current directory. That is why you don't see this used in Web Development much except by open source, non-Windows frameworks like Google Angular which was written by people stuck on open source platforms.
./ also resolves to the current directory and is atypical in Web but supported as a path in some open source frameworks. Because it resolves the same as no path to the current file directory its not used. Example: ./image.jpg = image.jpg. Even though it is used by software to identify a current folder location, because it is identical to the current software path or file location, it is the same as no path so redundant. Again, this is a relic of Unix operating systems that need path resolutions like this to run executables and resolve paths for security reasons. Its not a typical web path. That is why this syntax is redundant in HTML and web technologies.
//somewebsite.com/folder/folder/file.html this is a form of a fully qualified web URL resolution format. "//" tells the web browser to determine the fully qualified web URL/URI at runtime and concatenate the right http protocol onto the front of your path as so: https://mywebsite.com/folder/folder/file.html. It allows the browser to query one of many web domains and determine the most secure location or protocol to use: Either "http" or "https" as the most favorable and secure prefix. This is rarely used in most internal web paths but likely found in link href attribute paths in newer HTML5 elements and used when adding links to resources that may resolve to unknown dynamic secure socket layer connections at runtime that change.
PATH EQUIVALENTS
folder = /folder a relative path is the same as an absolute path in this case if the file accessing this child "folder" is located under the web root directory. Both paths would work the same for them.
../folder = /folder a relative path going up to a parent folder then down to "folder" is the same as the absolute path if the file accessing this path again is in the web root directory.
./folder = folder both relative paths start with the files current folder and point to the child "folder" under them no matter where these folders are located, so are the same. "./" is therefore redundant.
./file.html = file.html both relative paths point to the current folder and then to a "file.html" inside that folder. This means use of "./" is redundant.
./ = {no path} an empty path is the same as ./ in the web world so redundant again.
./ = / only true again if the file is under the web root folder. Again this means "./" is redundant.
MY WEB PATH RECOMMENDATIONS
ALWAYS use Absolute Paths ("/myfolder/myfile") whenever possible as they will always work from any file location in the web project, add no confusion to developers, moving files with absolute paths will not change paths, and they are easy to maintain and manage. The only drawback to absolute paths is if you move the files or folders being pathed to new locations (example: You move an image or CSS folder of files to a new location later in the project). That is why I recommend you manage paths via server-side virtual paths, application paths, or server-generated variables so you can change absolute paths dynamically as you move things around.
ALWAYS use Relative Web Paths ("../myfile") as a secondary option. These are a must for CSS file paths, CSS imported files, or font paths within CSS files. They should only be used if your web application is designed with many parallel applications running side-by-side under one domain, and have nested and heavily dependent resource files running inside them that must be separated. In that one case, you will often move these applications as one module deeper into the application making relative pathing more valuable. You will determine paths relative to the source files in that case and not relative to the web domain via absolute paths. As above, I would still manage paths via server-side or virtual application generated paths. This makes paths extremely simple, robust, and easy to dynamically update on the fly via server variables rather than inside scripts and dependencies which constantly evolve.
NEVER use the other paths listed unless forced to by atypical, 3rd party, proprietary software conventions that use substandard pathing solutions that add confusion and added maintenance. :(
./ = Current directory
This is correct but as i figured out from some templates that i worked on before, the purpose of this identification is to remind the developer that the file to be accessed is not actually in the same directory as the HTML file being worked. Yes, I know it sounds weird.
Developers who use such definitions usually put a <base href=""> tag at the beginning of the HEAD block of the HTML page. Double quotes also indicate the directory they want to reach, so they don't have to define phrases like "../images" to access all of the image files that are not in the same directory as the HTML.
For example,
/main
/ /assets
/ / /css
/ / /images
/ / / /logo.png
/ /html
/ / /demo
/ / / /index.html
/ /plugins
every time you want to access the files in the images folder from the index.html file on a website with a directory structure like above, you need to use the src="../../assets/images" path. If you specify <base href="../../assets"> instead, you can now just use "images/" or "./images". Of course, remember, in this case, you will need to specify the file locations accordingly, as other page links will also be based on that <base> tag. So it's up to you whether you need to use it or not.
I did not wrote this to find the correct answer. This is my experience about the "./" usage so i wanted to share it. I hope it could help anybody.
In reference to the quick reference list, specifically you can use the following :
\.\ Root Directory + Current directory (Drive Letter)
i'm new in using hosting, i have a question about a FTP, why if i upload something (for example a image) to my server i cannot see it from the browser using the directory for example (http://www.mywebsite.com/public_html/images/backgrounds/background.png) if i use that address i get a fil with a "?" sign instead of the image. the only way to see the image is changing http by ftp for example,(ftp://ftp.mywebsite.com/public_html/images/backgrounds/background.png)
please how to find the files with http instead of ftp, to be able to use it in my web page using html
thank you
Typically, the publichtml folder is the root of your domain, which is to say that http://www.mywebsite.com/ points to your/relative/path/to/publichtml/
Using your example of putting a file at /publichtml/images/backgrounds/background.png would mean it should be accessible at http://www.mywebsite.com/images/backgrounds/background.png
Similarly, if you put filename.html in the /publichtml/ folder of your server, you should be able to access it at http://www.mywebsite.com/filename.html - If you put it in a subfolder of /publichtml/, say, at publichtml/example/, it should be accessible at http://www.mywebsite.com/example/filename.html
This can very from one server to another, but in most situations, this is common practice.
Edit: broken formatting.
I have implemented image upload feature but I am facing issue with its path configuration.
I want to store the uploaded the images outside of webapp root directory because every time I un-deploy the application, it deletes the images within the application.
Now, I can store the the uploaded file by getting the path from property file [say C:\images] but when I use that path in it doesn't show the file in web page.
Can you please let me know how to get the absolute path in img src tag.
For security reasons, you can't reference files outside of the webapp root. You're going to need to use virtual directories. These will map outside paths into accessible URLs so c:\images will be accessible as myapp.com/myapp/images/
This sort of thing is specific to the application server you are running, so you'll need to check the documentation for your system to make this work.
I'm trying to load images from a relative folder /media/one.jpg but it never loads, I use the same script to load from my local folder and it does.
The absolute path e.g c:/mydir/one.jpg does not work either. Earlier I used to throw things at my server and get jpegs from there. But for testing purposes I need these images locally available.
Any Idea?
Just solved it Use loadImage("media\ears.jpg"); double slash instead to single and it works :)
For security reasons flash files can access only web or only local files, with can be set in the project properties. If you want to build a web application like a webpage or just a part of a webpage, than you should choose network only, but this way you can test your work only on a webserver (that can be localhost too ). If you want to build a desktop application, witch has no relation to web, then select the "local only" option in your project properties.