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This is inspired by/taken from this thread: http://www.allegro.cc/forums/thread/603383
The Problem
Assume the user gives you a numeric input ranging from 1 to 7. Input should be taken from the console, arguments are less desirable.
When the input is 1, print the following:
***********
*********
*******
*****
***
*
Values greater than one should generate multiples of the pattern, ending with the one above, but stacked symmetrically. For example, 3 should print the following:
*********** *********** ***********
********* ********* *********
******* ******* *******
***** ***** *****
*** *** ***
* * *
*********** ***********
********* *********
******* *******
***** *****
*** ***
* *
***********
*********
*******
*****
***
*
Bonus points if you print the reverse as well.
*********** ***********
********* *********
******* *******
***** *****
*** ***
* *
***********
*********
*******
*****
***
*
*
***
*****
*******
*********
***********
* *
*** ***
***** *****
******* *******
********* *********
*********** ***********
Can we try and keep it to one answer per language, that we all improve on?
Assembler, 165 bytes assembled
Build Instructions
Download A86 from here
Add a reference to the A86 executable into your DOS search path
Paste the code below into a text file (example: triforce.asm)
Invoke the assembler: a86 triforce.asm
This will create a .COM file called triforce.com
Type triforce to run
This was developed using the standard WinXP DOS box (Start->Programs->Accessories->Command Prompt). It should work with other DOS emulators.
Assemble using A86 and requires WinXP DOS box to run the .COM file it produces. Press 'q' to exit, keys 1-7 to draw the output.
l20:mov ah,7
int 21h
cmp al,'q'
je ret
sub al,'0'
cmp al,1
jb l20
cmp al,7
ja l20
mov [l0-1],al
mov byte ptr [l7+2],6
jmp $+2
mov ah,2
mov ch,0
mov bh,3
l0:mov bl,1
l1:mov dh,0
l3:cmp dh,ch
je l2
mov dl,32
int 21h
inc dh
jmp l3
ret
l2:mov dh,bh
l6:mov cl,12
l5:mov dl,42
cmp cl,bl
ja l4
mov dl,32
cmp dh,1
je l21
l4:int 21h
dec cl
jnz l5
l21:dec dh
jnz l6
mov dl,10
int 21h
mov dl,13
int 21h
l10:inc ch
l9:add bl,2
l7:cmp ch,6
jne l1
l13:add byte ptr [l7+2],6
l11:dec bh
l12:cmp bh,0
jne l0
xor byte ptr [l0+1],10
xor byte ptr [l9+1],40
xor byte ptr [l10+1],8
xor byte ptr [l13+1],40
sub byte ptr [l7+2],12
mov dh,[l0-1]
inc dh
xor [l12+2],dh
xor byte ptr [l11+1],8
xor byte ptr [l1+1],1
inc bh
cmp byte ptr [l0+1],11
je l0
jmp l20
It uses lots of self-modifying code to do the triforce and its mirror, it even modifies the self-modifying code.
GolfScript - 43 chars
~:!6*,{:^' '
*'*'12*' '
^6%.+)*+
-12>!^
6/-*
n}
/
~:!6*,{:^' '*'*'12*' '^6%.+)*+-12>!^6/-*n}/
48 Chars for the bonus
~:!6*,.-1%+{
:^' '*'*'12
*' '^6%.+
)*+-12>
!^6/-
*n}
/
~:!6*,.-1%+{:^' '*'*'12*' '^6%.+)*+-12>!^6/-*n}/
Python - 77 Chars
n=input()
for k in range(6*n):print' '*k+('*'*12+' '*(k%6*2+1))[-12:]*(n-k/6)
n=input()
for k in range(6*n):j=1+k%6*2;print' '*k+('*'*(12-j)+' '*j)*(n-k/6)
89 Chars for the bonus
n=input();R=range(6*n)
for k in R+R[::-1]:print' '*k+('*'*11+' '*11)[k%6*2:][:12]*(n-k/6)
114 Chars Version just using string replacements
u,v=' *';s=(v*11+u)*input()
while s.strip():print s;s=u+s.replace(*((v*2+u,u*3),(v*1+u*10,v*11))[' * 'in s])[:-2]
Unk Chars all in one statement, should work w/ 2.x and 3.x. The enumerate() is to allow the single input() to work for both places you need to use it.
print ('\n'.join('\n'.join(((' '*(6*n))+' '.join(('%s%s%s'%(' '*(5-x),'*'*(2*x+1),' '*(5-x)) for m in range(i + 1)))) for x in range(5,-1,-1)) for n, i in enumerate(range(int(input())-1,-1,-1))))
Yet Another Method
def f(n): print '\n'.join(' '*6*(n-r)+(' '*(5-l)+'*'*(l*2+1)+' '*(5-l)+' ')*r for r in xrange(1, n+1) for l in xrange(6))
f(input())
Ruby - 74 Chars
(6*n=gets.to_i).times{|k|puts' '*k+('*'*(11-(j=k%6*2))+' '*(j+1))*(n-k/6)}
COBOL - 385 Chars
$ cobc -free -x triforce.cob && echo 7| ./triforce
PROGRAM-ID.P.DATA DIVISION.WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
1 N PIC 9.
1 M PIC 99.
1 value '0100***********'.
2 I PIC 99.
2 K PIC 99.
2 V PIC X(22).
2 W PIC X(99).
PROCEDURE DIVISION.ACCEPT N
COMPUTE M=N*6
PERFORM M TIMES
DISPLAY W(1:K)NO ADVANCING
PERFORM N TIMES
DISPLAY V(I:12)NO ADVANCING
END-PERFORM
DISPLAY ''
ADD 2 TO I
IF I = 13 MOVE 1 TO I ADD -1 TO N END-IF
ADD 1 TO K
END-PERFORM.
K could be returned to outside the group level. An initial value of zero for a numeric with no VALUE clause is compiler-implementation dependent, as is an initial value of space for an alpha-numeric field (W has been cured of this, at no extra character cost). Moving K back would save two characters. -free is compiler-dependant as well, so I'm probably being over-picky.
sed, 117 chars
s/$/76543210/
s/(.).*\1//
s/./*********** /gp
:
s/\*(\**)\*/ \1 /gp
t
:c
s/\* {11}\*/ ************/
tc
s/\* / /p
t
Usage: $ echo 7 | sed -rf this.sed
First attempt; improvements could probably be made...
Ruby 1.9 - 84 characters :
v=gets.to_i
v.times{|x|6.times{|i|puts' '*6*x+(' '*i+'*'*(11-2*i)+' '*i+' ')*(v-x)}}
Perl - 72 chars
die map$"x$_.("*"x(12-($l=1+$_%6*2)).$"x$l)x($n-int$_/6).$/,0..6*($n=<>)
78 chars
map{$l=$_%6*2;print$"x$_,("*"x(11-$l).$"x$l.$")x($n-int$_/6),$/}0..6*($n=<>)-1
87 chars
$n=<>;map{$i=int$_/6;$l=$_%6*2;print$"x$_,("*"x(11-$l).$"x$l.$")x($n-$i),$/}(0..6*$n-1)
97 chars
$n=<>;map{$i=int$_/6;$l=$_%6;print$"x(6*$i),($"x$l."*"x(11-2*$l).$"x$l.$")x($n-$i),$/}(0..6*$n-1)
108 chars
$n=<>;map{$i=int$_/6;$l=$_%6;print ""." "x(6*$i),(" "x$l."*"x(11-2*$l)." "x$l." ")x($n-$i),"\n";}(0..6*$n-1)
Powershell, 78 characters
0..(6*($n=read-host)-1)|%{" "*$_+("*"*(12-($k=1+$_%6*2))+" "*$k)*(.4+$n-$_/6)}
Bonus, 92 characters
$a=0..(6*($n=read-host)-1)|%{" "*$_+("*"*(12-($k=1+$_%6*2))+" "*$k)*(.4+$n-$_/6)}
$a
$a|sort
The output is stored in an array of strings, $a, and the reverse is created by sorting the array. We could, of course, just reverse the array, but it would be more characters to type :)
Haskell - 131 138 142 143 Chars
(⊗)=replicate
z o=[concat$(6*n+m)⊗' ':(o-n)⊗((11-m-m)⊗'*'++(1+m+m)⊗' ')|n<-[0..o-1],m<-[0..5]]
main=getLine>>=mapM_ putStrLn.z.read
This one is longer (146 148 chars) at present, but an interesting, alternate line of attack:
(⊗)=replicate
a↑b|a>b=' ';_↑_='*'
z o=[map(k↑)$concat$(6*n)⊗' ':(o-n)⊗"abcdefedcba "|n<-[0..o-1],k<-"abcdef"]
main=getLine>>=mapM_ putStrLn.z.read
FORTRAN - 97 Chars
Got rid of the #define and saved 8 bytes thanks to implict loops!
$ f95 triforce.f95 -o triforce && echo 7 | ./triforce
READ*,N
DO K=0,N*6
M=2*MOD(K,6)
PRINT*,(' ',I=1,K),(('*',I=M,10),(' ',I=0,M),J=K/6+1,N)
ENDDO
END
125 bytes for the bonus
READ*,N
DO L=1,N*12
K=L+5
If(L>N*6)K=N*12-L+6
M=2*MOD(K,6)
PRINT"(99A)",(32,I=7,K),((42,I=M,10),(32,I=0,M),J=K/6,N)
ENDDO
END
FORTRAN - 108 Chars
#define R REPEAT
READ*,N
DO I=0,6*N
J=MOD(I,6)*2
PRINT*,R(' ',I)//R(R('*',11-J)//R(' ',J+1),N-I/6)
ENDDO
END
JavaScript 1.8 - SpiderMonkey - 118 chars
N=readline()
function f(n,c)n>0?(c||' ')+f(n-1,c):''
for(i=0;i<N*6;i++)print(f(i)+f(N-i/6,f(11-(z=i%6*2),'*')+f(z+1)))
w/ bonus - 151 chars
N=readline()
function f(n,c)n>0?(c||' ')+f(n-1,c):''
function l(i)print(f(i)+f(N-i/6,f(11-(z=i%6*2),'*')+f(z+1)))
for(i=0;i<N*6;i++)l(i)
for(;i--;)l(i)
Usage: js thisfile.js
JavaScript - In Browser - 154 characters
N=prompt()
function f(n,c){return n>0?(c||' ')+f(n-1,c):''}
s='<pre>'
for(i=0;i<N*6;i++)s+=f(i)+f(N-i/6,f(11-(z=i%6*2),'*')+f(z+1))+'\n'
document.write(s)
The non-obfuscated version (before optimizations by gnarf):
var N = prompt();
var S = ' ';
function fill(c, n) {
for (ret=''; n--;)
ret += c;
return ret;
}
var str = '<pre>';
for (i=0; i<N*6; i++) {
str += fill(S, i);
for (j=0; j<N-i/6; j++)
str += fill('*', 11-i%6*2) + fill(S, i%6*2+1);
str += '\n';
}
document.write(str);
Here's a different algorithm that uses replace() to go from one line to the next of each line of a triangle row:
161 characters
N=readline()
function f(n,c){return n>0?(c||' ')+f(n-1,c):''}l=0
for(i=N;i>0;){r=f(i--,f(11,'*')+' ');for(j=6;j--;){print(f(l++)+r)
r=r.replace(/\*\* /g,' ')}}
F#, 184 181 167 151 147 143 142 133 chars
let N,r=int(stdin.ReadLine()),String.replicate
for l in[0..N*6-1]do printfn"%s%s"(r l" ")(r(N-l/6)((r(11-l%6*2)"*")+(r(l%6*2+1)" ")))
Bonus, 215 212 198 166 162 158 157 148 chars
let N,r=int(stdin.ReadLine()),String.replicate
for l in[0..N*6-1]#[N*6-1..-1..0]do printfn"%s%s"(r l" ")(r(N-l/6)((r(11-l%6*2)"*")+(r(l%6*2+1)" ")))
C - 120 Chars
main(w,i,x,y){w=getchar()%8*12;for(i=0;i<w*w/2;)y=i/w,x=i++%w,putchar(x>w-2?10:x<y|w-x-1<y|(x-y)%12>=11-2*(y%6)?32:42);}
Note that this solution prints some trailing spaces (which is okay, right?). It also relies on relational operators having higher precedence than bitwise OR, saving two characters.
124 Chars
main(n,i,k){n=getchar()&7;for(k=0;k<6*n;k++,putchar(10))for(i=-k-1;++i<12*n-2*k-1;putchar(32+10*(i>=0&&(11-i%12>2*k%12))));}
C - 177 183 Chars
#define P(I,C)for(m=0;m<I;m++)putchar(C)
main(t,c,r,o,m){scanf("%d",&t);for(c=t;c>0;c--)for(r=6;r>0;r--){P((t-c)*6+6-r,32);for(o=0;o<c;o++){P(r*2-1,42);P(13-r*2,32);}puts("");}}
C - 222 243 Chars (With Bonus Points)
#define P(I,C)for(m=0;m<I;m++)putchar(C)
main(t,c,r,o,m){scanf("%d",&t);for(c=t-1;-c<2+t;c-=1+!c)for(r=c<0?1:6;c<0?r<7:r>0;r+=c<0?1:-1){P((t-abs(c+1))*6+6-r,32);for(o=0;o<abs(c+1);o++){P(r*2-1,42);P(13-r*2,32);}puts("");}}
This is my first Code Golf submission as well!
Written in C
Bonus points (492 chars):
p(char *t, int c, int s){int i=0;for(;i<s;i++)printf(" ");for(i=0;i<c;i++)printf("%s",t);printf("\n");}main(int a, char **v){int i=0;int k;int c=atoi(v[1]);for(;i<c;i++){p("*********** ",c-i,i);p(" ********* ",c-i,i);p(" ******* ",c-i,i);p(" ***** ",c-i,i);p(" *** ",c-i,i);p(" * ",c-i,i);}for(i=0;i<c;i++){k=c-i-1;p(" * ",1+i,k);p(" *** ",1+i,k);p(" ***** ",1+i,k);p(" ******* ",1+i,k);p(" ********* ",1+i,k);p("*********** ",i+1,k);}}
Without bonus points (322 chars):
p(char *t, int c, int s){int i=0;for(;i<s;i++)printf(" ");for(i=0;i<c;i++)printf("%s",t);printf("\n");}main(int a, char **v){int i=0;int k;int c=atoi(v[1]);for(;i<c;i++){p("*********** ",c-i,i);p(" ********* ",c-i,i);p(" ******* ",c-i,i);p(" ***** ",c-i,i);p(" *** ",c-i,i);p(" * ",c-i,i);}}
First time posting, too!
Lua, 121 chars
R,N,S=string.rep,io.read'*n',' 'for i=0,N-1 do for j=0,5 do X=R(S,j)print(R(S,6*i)..R(X..R('*',11-2*j)..X..S,N-i))end end
123
R,N,S=string.rep,io.read'*n',' 'for i=0,N-1 do for j=0,5 do print(R(S,6*i)..R(R(S,j)..R('*',11-2*j)..R(S,j)..S,N-i))end end
PHP, 153
<?php $i=fgets(STDIN);function r($n,$c=' '){return$n>0?$c.r($n-1,$c):'';}for($l=0;$l<$i*6;){$z=$l%6*2;echo r($l).r($i-$l++/6,r(11-$z,'*').r($z+1))."\n";}
with Bonus, 210
<?php $i=fgets(STDIN);function r($n,$c=' '){return$n>0?$c.r($n-1,$c):'';}$o=array();for($l=0;$l<$i*6;){$z=$l%6*2;$o[]=r($l).r($i-$l++/6,r(11-$z,'*').r($z+1));}print join("\n",array_merge($o,array_reverse($o)));
dc 105 chars
123 129 132 139 141
[rdPr1-d0<P]sP?sn
0sk[1lk6%2*+sj32lkd0<Plnlk6/-si
[[*]12lj-d0<P32ljd0<Pli1-dsi0<I]dsIx
10Plk1+dskln6*>K]dsKx
Mathematica, 46 characters
The answer prints sideways.
TableForm#{Table["*",{l,#},{l},{j,6},{2j-1}]}&
HyperTalk - 272 chars
function triforce n
put"******" into a
put n*6 into h
repeat with y=0 to h-1
put" " after s
put char 1 to y of s after t
repeat n-y div 6
get y mod 6*2
put char 1 to 11-it of (a&a)&&char 1 to it of s after t
end repeat
put return after t
end repeat
return t
end triforce
Indentation is neither needed nor counted (HyperCard automatically adds it).
Miscellanea:
Since there is no notion of console or way to access console arguments in HyperCard 2.2 (that I know of), a function is given instead. It can be invoked with:
on mouseUp
ask "Triforce: "
put triforce(it) into card field 1
end mouseUp
To use this, a card field would be created and set to a fixed-width font. Using HyperCard's answer command would display a dialog with the text, but it doesn't work because:
The answer dialog font (Chicago) is not fixed-width.
The answer command refuses to display long text (even triforce(2) is too long).
Common Lisp, 150 characters:
(defun f(n o)(unless(= n 0)(dotimes(x 6)(format t"~v#{~a~:*~}~-1:*~v#{~?~2:*~}~%"
o" "n"~11#: "(list(- 11(* 2 x))#\*)))(f(1- n)(+ 6 o))))
77 char alternative python solution based on gnibbler's:
n=input()
k=0
exec"print' '*k+('*'*12+' '*(k%6*2+1))[-12:]*(n-k/6);k+=1;"*6*n
Amazingly the bonus came out exactly the same also (101 chars, oh well)
n=input()
l=1
k=0
s="print' '*k+('*'*12+' '*(k%6*2+1))[-12:]*(n-k/6);k+=l;"*6*n
exec s+'l=-1;k-=1;'+s
Related
I'm trying to decompile the firmware of a Logitech Freedom 2.4 Cordless Joystick. I've managed to get something of the EEPROM. (here)
The EEPROM that is used is the Microchip 25AA320, which is a 32Kbit SPI-EEPROM. The MCU is a nRF24E1G , that contains a 8051 MCU.
The ROM should be 4096 bytes, so I think that my reading program looped over it self 4 times.
I managed to extract a 4kB ROM (here), but the start of the file doesn't look clean.
I loaded both files into IDA Pro and Ghidra and selected the 8051 processor. They don't generate anything useful.
Could anyone help me decompiling this ROM?
I used this Arduino Sketch to dump the rom.
Together with this python script
## Author: Arpan Das
## Date: Fri Jan 11 12:16:59 2019 +0530
## URL: https://github.com/Cyberster/SPI-Based-EEPROM-Reader-Writer
## It listens to serial port and writes contents into a file
## requires pySerial to be installed
import sys
import serial
import time
start = time.time()
MEMORY_SIZE = 4096 # In bytes
serial_port = 'COM5'
baud_rate = 115200 # In arduino, Serial.begin(baud_rate)
write_to_file_path = "dump.rom"
output_file = open(write_to_file_path, "wb")
ser = serial.Serial(serial_port, baud_rate)
print("Press d for dump ROM else CTRL+C to exit.")
ch = sys.stdin.read(1)
if ch == 'd':
ser.write('d')
for i in range(MEMORY_SIZE/32): # i.e. MEMORY_SIZE / 32
# wait until arduino response with 'W' i.e. 1 byte of data write request
while (ser.read() != 'W'): continue
ser.write('G') # sends back write request granted signal
for j in range(32):
byte = ser.read(1);
output_file.write(byte);
print(str(MEMORY_SIZE - (i * 32)) + " bytes remaining.")
print '\nIt took', time.time()-start, ' seconds.'
This is what I did, the next part left is for you. My machine is a Win10 notebook, however I used unix tools because they are so capable.
First of all, I divided the 16KB dump into four 4KB parts. The first one was different from the other three. And the provided 4KB dump is different to all of these parts. I did not investigate this further, and simply took one of the other three parts that are all equal.
$ split -b 4K LogitechFreedom2.4CordlessJoystick.rom part
$ cmp partaa partab
partaa partab differ: byte 1, line 1
$ cmp partab partac
$ cmp partac partad
$ cmp dump.rom partaa
dump.rom partaa differ: byte 9, line 1
$ cmp dump.rom partab
dump.rom partab differ: byte 1, line 1
From the microcontroller's data sheet I learned that the EEPROM contents has a header of at least 3 bytes (chapter 10.2 at page 61).
These bytes are:
0b Version = 00, Reserved = 00, SPEED = 0.5MHz, XO_FREQ = 16MHz
03 Offset to start of user program = 3
0f Number of 256 bytes block = 15
The last entry seems to be off by one, because there seems to be code in the 16th block, too.
Anyway, these bytes look decent, so I cut the first 3 bytes.
$ dd if=partad of=rom.bin bs=1 skip=3
4093+0 records in
4093+0 records out
4093 bytes (4,1 kB, 4,0 KiB) copied, 0,0270132 s, 152 kB/s
$ dd if=partad of=head.bin bs=1 count=3
3+0 records in
3+0 records out
3 bytes copied, 0,0043809 s, 0,7 kB/s
$ od -Ax -t x1 rom.bin > rom.hex
$ od -Ax -t x1 head.bin > head.hex
The hex files are nice for loading them into an editor and look around.
I loaded the remaining 4093 bytes into a disassembler I once wrote and peeked around a bit. It looks promising, so I think you can go on without me now:
C0000: ljmp C0F54
C0003: setb 021H.2
reti
C000B: xch a,r5
inc r6
xrl a,r6
mov a,#0B2H
movc a,#a+pc
movx #r1,a
mov r7,a
setb 021H.2
reti
C0F54: mov psw,#000H
mov sp,#07BH
mov r0,#0FFH
mov #r0,#000H
djnz r0,C0F5C
ljmp C0C09
I'm currently writing a function that should basically just write characters from a string into variables.
When performing test prints my variables seem fine. But when I attempt to print the first variable assigned(inchar) outside of the function it returns a empty string, but the second variable (outchar) seems to return fine. Am I somehow overwriting the first variable?
This is my code:
_EXIT = 1
_READ = 3
_WRITE = 4
_STDOUT = 1
_STDIN = 1
_GETCHAR = 117
MAXBUFF = 100
.SECT .TEXT
start:
0: PUSH endpro2-prompt2
PUSH prompt2
PUSH _STDOUT
PUSH _WRITE
SYS
ADD SP,8
PUSH 4
PUSH buff
CALL getline
ADD SP,4
!!!!!!!!!
PUSH buff
CALL gettrans
ADD SP,4
ADD AX,1 !gives AX an intial value to start loop
1: CMP AX,0
JE 2f
PUSH endpro-prompt1
PUSH prompt1
PUSH _STDOUT
PUSH _WRITE
SYS
ADD SP,8
PUSH MAXBUFF
PUSH buff
CALL getline
ADD SP,2
!PUSH buff
!CALL translate
!ADD SP,4
JMP 1b
2: PUSH 0 ! exit with normal exit status
PUSH _EXIT
SYS
getline:
PUSH BX
PUSH CX
PUSH BP
MOV BP,SP
MOV BX,8(BP)
MOV CX,8(BP)
ADD CX,10(BP)
SUB CX,1
1: CMP CX,BX
JE 2f
PUSH _GETCHAR
SYS
ADD SP,2
CMPB AL,-1
JE 2f
MOVB (BX),AL
INC BX
CMPB AL,'\n'
JNE 1b
2: MOVB (BX),0
MOV AX, BX
SUB AX,8(BP)
POP BP
POP CX
POP BX
RET
gettrans:
PUSH BX
PUSH BP
MOV BP,SP
MOV BX,6(BP) !Store argument in BX
MOVB (inchar),BL ! move first char to inchar
1: INC BX
CMPB (BX),' '
JE 1b
MOVB (outchar),BL !Move char seperated by Space to outchar
MOV AX,1 !On success
POP BP
POP BX
RET
.SECT .BSS
buff:
.SPACE MAXBUFF
.SECT .DATA
prompt1:
.ASCII "Enter a line of text: "
endpro:
prompt2:
.ASCII "Enter 2 characters for translation: "
endpro2:
outchar:
.BYTE 0
inchar:
.BYTE 0
charct:
.BYTE 0
wordct:
.BYTE 0
linect:
.BYTE 0
inword:
.BYTE 0
This is the code used to test print
PUSH 1 ! print that byte
PUSH inchar
PUSH _STDOUT
PUSH _WRITE
SYS
ADD SP,8
CALL printnl !function that prints new line
PUSH 1 ! print that byte
PUSH outchar
PUSH _STDOUT
PUSH _WRITE
SYS
CALL printnl
ADD SP,8
There seem to be a number of as88 8088 simulator environments. But I noticed on many of the repositories of code this bug mentioned:
1. The assembler requires sections to be defined in the following order:
TEXT
DATA
BSS
After the first occurrences, remaining section directives may appear in any order.
I'd recommend in your code to move the BSS section after DATA in the event your as88 environment has a similar problem.
In your original code you had lines like this:
MOV (outchar),BX
[snip]
MOV (inchar),BX
You defined outchar and inchar as bytes. The 2 lines above move 2 bytes (16-bits) from the BX register to both one byte variables. This will cause the CPU to write the extra byte into the next variable in memory. You'd want to explicitly move a single byte. Something like this might have been more appropriate:
MOVB (outchar),BL
[snip]
MOVB (inchar),BL
As you will see this code still has a bug as I mention later in this answer. To clarify - the MOVB instruction will move a single byte from BL and place it into the variable.
When you do a SYS call for Write you need to pass the address of the buffer to print, not the data in the buffer. You had 2 lines like this:
PUSH (inchar)
[snip]
PUSH (outchar)
The parentheses say to take the value in the variables and push them on the stack. SYS WRITE requires the address of the characters to display. The code to push their addresses should look like:
PUSH inchar
[snip]
PUSH outchar
gettrans function has a serious flaw in handling the copy of a byte from one buffer to another. You have code that does this:
MOV BX,6(BP) !Store argument in BX
MOVB (inchar),BL ! move first char to inchar
1: INC BX
CMPB (BX),' '
JE 1b
MOVB (outchar),BL !Move char seperated by Space to outchar
MOV BX,6(BP) properly places that buffer address passed as an argument and puts it into BX. There appears to be a problem with the lines that look like:
MOVB (inchar),BL ! move first char to inchar
This isn't doing what the comment suggests it should. The line above moves the lower byte (BL) of the buffer address in BX to the variable inchar . You want to move the byte at the memory location pointed to by BX and put it into inchar. Unfortunately on the x86 you can't move the data from one memory operand to another directly. To get around this you will have to move the data from the buffer pointed to by BX into a temporary register (I'll choose CL) and then move that to the variable. The code could look like this:
MOVB CL, (BX)
MOVB (inchar),CL ! move first char to inchar
You then have to do the same for outchar so the fix in both places could look similar to this:
MOV BX,8(BP) !Store argument in BX
MOVB CL, (BX)
MOVB (inchar),CL ! move first char to inchar
1: INC BX
CMPB (BX),' '
JE 1b
MOVB CL, (BX)
MOVB (outchar),CL ! move second char to outchar
The instruction MOV (inchar),BX stores register BX to the memory location labelled inchar.
However, inchar has been defined as a .BYTE, but BX is a 16-bit register, (2 bytes,) so you are writing not only inchar but also outchar.
The only reason why it appears to work in the beginning is because the 8088 is a low-endian architecture, so the low-order byte of BX is being stored first, while the high-order byte follows.
So, try MOV (inchar),BL
I wanted to print the first 20 numbers using loop.
Printing the first nine numbers is absolutely fine as the hexadecimal and decimal codes are the same, but from the 10th number I had to convert each number into its appropriate code and then convert it and store it to string and eventually display it
That is,
If (NUMBER > 9)
ADD 6D
;10d = 0ah --(+6)--> 16d = 10h
IF NUMBER IS > 19
ADD 12D
;20d = 14h --(+12)--> 32d = 20h
Then rotating and shifting each number to get the desired output number, that is,
DAA # let al = 74h = 0111.0100
XOR AH,AH # ah = 0 (Just in case it wasn't)
# ax = 0000.0000.0111.0100
ROR AX,4 # ax = 0100.0000.0000.0111 = 4007h
SHR AH,4 # ax = 0000.0100.0000.0111 = 0407h
ADD AX,3030h # ax = 0011.0100.0011.0111 = 3437h = ASCII "74" (Reversed due to little endian)
And then storing the result in to the string and displaying it, that is,
MOV BX,OFFSET Result ;Let Result is an empty string
MOV byte ptr[BX],5 ;Size of the string
MOV byte ptr[BX+4],'$' ;String terminator
MOV byte ptr[BX+3],AH ;storing number
MOV byte ptr[BX+2],AL
MOV DX,BX
ADD DX,02 ;Displaying the result
MOV AH,09H ;Interrupt 21 service to display string
INT 21H
And here is the complete code with proper commenting,
MOV CX,20 ;Number of iterations
MOV DX,0 ;First value of the sequence
L1:
PUSH DX
ADD DX,30H ; 30H is equal to 0 in hexadecimal , 31H = 1 and so on
MOV AH,02H ; INTERRUPT Service to print the DX content
INT 21H
POP DX
ADD DX,1
CMP DX,09 ; if number is > 9 i.e 0A then go to L2
JA L2
LOOP L1
L2:
PUSH DX
MOV AX,DX
CMP AX,14H ;If number is equal to 14H(20) then Jump to L3
JE L3
ADD AX,6D ;If less than 20 then add 6D
XOR AH,AH ;Clear the content of AH
ROR AX,4 ;Rotating and Shifting for to properly store
SHR AH,4
ADC AX,3030h
MOV BX,OFFSET Result
MOV byte ptr[BX],5
MOV byte ptr[BX+4],'$'
MOV byte ptr[BX+3],AH
MOV byte ptr[BX+2],AL
MOV DX,BX
ADD DX,02
MOV AH,09H
INT 21H
POP DX
ADD DX,1
LOOP L2
;If the number is equal to 20 come here, ->
; Every step is repeated here just to change 6D to 12D
L3:
ADD AX,12D
XOR AH,AH
ROR AX,1
ROR AX,1
ROR AX,1
ROR AX,1
SHR AH,1
SHR AH,1
SHR AH,1
SHR AH,1
ADC AX,3030h
MOV BX,OFFSET Result
MOV byte ptr[BX],5
MOV byte ptr[BX+4],'$'
MOV byte ptr[BX+3],AH
MOV byte ptr[BX+2],AL
MOV DX,BX
ADD DX,02
MOV AH,09H
INT 21H
Is there any proper way to do it, creating a function and using if/else (jumps) to get the desired output rather than repeating the code again and again?
PSEUDO CODE:
VAR = 6
IF Number is > 9
ADD AX,VAR
Else IF Number is > 19
ADD AX,(VAR*2)
ELSE IF NUMBER is > 29
ADD AX,(VAR*3)
So you just want to print 0 ... 20 as ASCII characters? It looks like you understand that the numerals are identified as 0x30 ... 0x39 for '0' to '9', so you could use integer division to generate the character for the tens digit:
I usually work with C but conversion to assembler shouldn't be too complicated since these are all fundamental operations and there are no function calls.
int i_value = 29;
int i_tens = i_value/10; //Integer division! 29/10 = 2, save for later use
char c_tens = '0' + i_tens;
char c_ones = '0' + i_value-(10*i_tens); // Subtract N*10 from value
The output will be c_tens = 0x32, c_ones = 0x39. You should be able to wrap this inside of a loop pretty easily using a pair of registers.
Pseudocode
regA <- num_iterations //For example, 20
regB <- 0 //Initialize counter register
LOOP:
//Do conversion for the current iteration.
//Manipulate bytes for output as necessary.
regB <- regB +1
branch not equal regA, regB LOOP
The following code counts from 0 up to 99 (ax contains the ASCII number):
count proc
mov cx, 100 ; loop runs the times specified in the cx register
xor bx, bx ; set counter to zero
print:
mov ax, bx
aam ; Converts binary to unpacked BCD
xor ax, 3030h ; Converts upacked BCD to ASCII
; Print here (ax now contains the numer in ASCII representation)
inc bx ; Increase counter
loop print
ret
count endp
Locked. This question and its answers are locked because the question is off-topic but has historical significance. It is not currently accepting new answers or interactions.
The Challenge: Write the shortest program that implements John H. Conway's Game of Life cellular automaton. [link]
EDIT: After about a week of competition, I have selected a victor: pdehaan, for managing to beat the Matlab solution by one character with perl.
For those who haven't heard of Game of Life, you take a grid (ideally infinite) of square cells. Cells can be alive (filled) or dead (empty). We determine which cells are alive in the next step of time by applying the following rules:
Any live cell with fewer than two live neighbours dies, as if caused by under-population.
Any live cell with more than three live neighbours dies, as if by overcrowding.
Any live cell with two or three live neighbours lives on to the next generation.
Any dead cell with exactly three live neighbours becomes a live cell, as if by reproduction.
Your program will read in a 40x80 character ASCII text file specified as a command-line argument, as well as the number of iterations (N) to perform. Finally, it will output to an ASCII file out.txt the state of the system after N iterations.
Here is an example run with relevant files:
in.txt:
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
..................................XX............................................
..................................X.............................................
.......................................X........................................
................................XXXXXX.X........................................
................................X...............................................
.................................XX.XX...XX.....................................
..................................X.X....X.X....................................
..................................X.X......X....................................
...................................X.......XX...................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
Iterate 100 times:
Q:\>life in.txt 100
Resultant Output (out.txt)
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
..................................XX............................................
..................................X.X...........................................
....................................X...........................................
................................XXXXX.XX........................................
................................X.....X.........................................
.................................XX.XX...XX.....................................
..................................X.X....X.X....................................
..................................X.X......X....................................
...................................X.......XX...................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
The Rules:
You need to use file I/O to read/write the files.
You need to accept an input file and the number of iterations as arguments
You need to generate out.txt (overwrite if it exists) in the specified format
You don't need to deal with the edges of the board (wraparound, infinite grids .etc)
EDIT: You do need to have newlines in your output file.
The winner will be determined by character count.
Good luck!
Mathematica - 179 163 154 151 chars
a = {2, 2, 2};
s = Export["out.txt",
CellularAutomaton[{224, {2, {a, {2, 1, 2}, a}}, {1,1}},
(ReadList[#1, Byte, RecordLists → 2>1] - 46)/ 42, #2]〚#2〛
/. {0 → ".", 1 → "X"}, "Table"] &
Spaces added for readability
Invoke with
s["c:\life.txt", 100]
Animation:
You can also get a graph of the mean population over time:
A nice pattern for generating gliders from Wikipedia
AFAIK Mathematica uses a Cellular Automaton to generate random numbers using Rule 30.
MATLAB 7.8.0 (R2009a) - 174 171 161 150 138 131 128 124 characters
Function syntax: (124 characters)
Here's the easier-to-read version (with unnecessary newlines and whitespace added for better formatting):
function l(f,N),
b=char(importdata(f))>46;
for c=1:N,
b=~fix(filter2(ones(3),b)-b/2-3);
end;
dlmwrite('out.txt',char(b*42+46),'')
And here's how the program is run from the MATLAB Command Window:
l('in.txt',100)
Command syntax: (130 characters)
After a comment about calling functions with a command syntax, I dug a little deeper and found out that MATLAB functions can in fact be invoked with a command-line format (with some restrictions). You learn something new every day!
function l(f,N),
b=char(importdata(f))>46;
for c=1:eval(N),
b=~fix(filter2(ones(3),b)-b/2-3);
end;
dlmwrite('out.txt',char(b*42+46),'')
And here's how the program is run from the MATLAB Command Window:
l in.txt 100
Additional Challenge: Tweetable GIF maker - 136 characters
I thought for fun I'd see if I could dump the output to a GIF file instead of a text file, while still keeping the character count below 140 (i.e. "tweetable"). Here's the nicely-formatted code:
function l(f,N),
b=char(importdata(f))>46;
k=ones(3);
for c=1:N+1,
a(:,:,:,c)=kron(b,k);
b=~fix(filter2(k,b)-b/2-3);
end;
imwrite(~a,'out.gif')
Although IMWRITE is supposed to create a GIF that loops infinitely by default, my GIF is only looping once. Perhaps this is a bug that has been fixed in newer versions of MATLAB. So, to make the animation last longer and make the evolution steps easier to see, I left the frame delay at the default value (which seems to be around half a second). Here's the GIF output using the Gosper Glider Gun pattern:
Improvements
Update 1: Changed the matrix b from a logical (i.e. "boolean") type to a numerical one to get rid of a few conversions.
Update 2: Shortened the code for loading the file and used the function MAGIC as a trick to create the convolution kernel in fewer characters.
Update 3: Simplified the indexing logic, replaced ~~b+0 with b/42, and replaced 'same' with 's' as an argument to CONV2 (and it surprisingly still worked!).
Update 4: I guess I should have searched online first, since Loren from The MathWorks blogged about golfing and the Game of Life earlier this year. I incorporated some of the techniques discussed there, which required me to change b back to a logical matrix.
Update 5: A comment from Aslak Grinsted on the above mentioned blog post suggests an even shorter algorithm for both the logic and performing the convolution (using the function FILTER2), so I "incorporated" (read "copied") his suggestions. ;)
Update 6: Trimmed two characters from the initialization of b and reworked the logic in the loop to save 1 additional character.
Update 7: Eric Sampson pointed out in an e-mail that I could replace cell2mat with char, saving 4 characters. Thanks Eric!
Ruby 1.9 - 189 178 159 155 153 chars
f,n=$*
c=IO.read f
n.to_i.times{i=0;c=c.chars.map{|v|i+=1
v<?.?v:('...X'+v)[[83,2,-79].map{|j|c[i-j,3]}.to_s.count ?X]||?.}*''}
File.new('out.txt',?w)<<c
Edit:
Handles newlines with 4 chars less.
Can remove 7 more (v<?.?v:) if you allow it to clobber newlines when the live cells reach the edges.
perl, 127 129 135 chars
Managed to strip off a couple more characters...
$/=pop;#b=split'',<>;map{$n=-1;#b=map{++$n;/
/?$_:($t=grep/X/,#b[map{$n+$_,$n-$_}1,80..82])==3|$t+/X/==3?X:'.'}#b}1..$/;print#b
Python - 282 chars
might as well get the ball rolling...
import sys
_,I,N=sys.argv;R=range(3e3);B=open(I).read();B=set(k for k in R if'A'<B[k])
for k in R*int(N):
if k<1:b,B=B,set()
c=sum(len(set((k+o,k-o))&b)for o in(1,80,81,82))
if(c==3)+(c==2)*(k in b):B.add(k)
open('out.txt','w').write(''.join('.X\n'[(k in B)-(k%81<1)]for k in R))
Python 2.x - 210/234 characters
Okay, the 210-character code is kind of cheating.
#coding:l1
exec'xÚ=ŽA\nÂ#E÷sŠº1ƒÆscS‰ØL™Æª··âî¿GÈÿÜ´1iÖ½;Sçu.~H®J×Þ-‰Ñ%ª.wê,šÖ§J®d꘲>cÉZË¢V䀻Eîa¿,vKAËÀå̃<»Gce‚ÿ‡ábUt¹)G%£êŠ…óbÒüíÚ¯GÔ/n×Xši&ć:})äðtÏÄJÎòDˆÐÿG¶'.decode('zip')
You probably won't be able to copy and paste this code and get it to work. It's supposed to be Latin-1 (ISO-8859-1), but I think it got perverted into Windows-1252 somewhere along the way. Additionally, your browser may swallow some of the non-ASCII characters.
So if it doesn't work, you can generate the file from plain-old 7-bit characters:
s = """
23 63 6F 64 69 6E 67 3A 6C 31 0A 65 78 65 63 27 78 DA 3D 8E 41 5C 6E C2
40 0C 45 F7 73 8A BA 31 13 AD 83 15 11 11 C6 73 08 63 17 05 53 89 D8 4C
99 C6 AA B7 B7 AD E2 EE BF 47 C8 FF DC B4 31 69 D6 BD 3B 53 E7 75 2E 7E
48 AE 4A D7 DE 90 8F 2D 89 AD D1 25 AA 2E 77 16 EA 2C 9A D6 A7 4A AE 64
EA 98 B2 3E 63 C9 5A CB A2 56 10 0F E4 03 80 BB 45 16 0B EE 04 61 BF 2C
76 0B 4B 41 CB C0 E5 CC 83 03 3C 1E BB 47 63 65 82 FF 87 E1 62 55 1C 74
B9 29 47 25 A3 EA 03 0F 8A 07 85 F3 62 D2 FC ED DA AF 11 47 D4 2F 6E D7
58 9A 69 26 C4 87 3A 7D 29 E4 F0 04 74 CF C4 4A 16 CE F2 1B 44 88 1F D0
FF 47 B6 27 2E 64 65 63 6F 64 65 28 27 7A 69 70 27 29
"""
with open('life.py', 'wb') as f:
f.write(''.join(chr(int(i, 16)) for i in s.split()))
The result of this is a valid 210-character Python source file. All I've done here is used zip compression on the original Python source code. The real cheat is that I'm using non-ASCII characters in the resultant string. It's still valid code, it's just cumbersome.
The noncompressed version weighs in at 234 characters, which is still respectable, I think.
import sys
f,f,n=sys.argv
e=open(f).readlines()
p=range
for v in p(int(n)):e=[''.join('.X'[8+16*(e[t][i]!='.')>>sum(n!='.'for v in e[t-1:t+2]for n in v[i-1:i+2])&1]for i in p(80))for t in p(40)]
open('out.txt','w').write('\n'.join(e))
Sorry about the horizontal scroll, but all newlines in the above are required, and I've counted them as one character each.
I wouldn't try to read the golfed code. The variable names are chosen randomly to achieve the best compression. Yes, I'm serious. A better-formatted and commented version follows:
# get command-line arguments: infile and count
import sys
ignored, infile, count = sys.argv
# read the input into a list (each input line is a string in the list)
data = open(infile).readlines()
# loop the number of times requested on the command line
for loop in range(int(count)):
# this monstrosity applies the rules for each iteration, replacing
# the cell data with the next generation
data = [''.join(
# choose the next generation's cell from '.' for
# dead, or 'X' for alive
'.X'[
# here, we build a simple bitmask that implements
# the generational rules. A bit from this integer
# will be chosen by the count of live cells in
# the 3x3 grid surrounding the current cell.
#
# if the current cell is dead, this bitmask will
# be 8 (0b0000001000). Since only bit 3 is set,
# the next-generation cell will only be alive if
# there are exactly 3 living neighbors in this
# generation.
#
# if the current cell is alive, the bitmask will
# be 24 (8 + 16, 0b0000011000). Since both bits
# 3 and 4 are set, this cell will survive if there
# are either 3 or 4 living cells in its neighborhood,
# including itself
8 + 16 * (data[y][x] != '.')
# shift the relevant bit into position
>>
# by the count of living cells in the 3x3 grid
sum(character != '.' # booleans will convert to 0 or 1
for row in data[y - 1 : y + 2]
for character in row[x - 1 : x + 2]
)
# select the relevant bit
& 1
]
# for each column and row
for x in range(80)
)
for y in range(40)
]
# write the results out
open('out.txt','w').write('\n'.join(data))
Sorry, Pythonistas, for the C-ish bracket formatting, but I was trying to make it clear what each bracket was closing.
Haskell - 284 272 232 chars
import System
main=do f:n:_<-getArgs;s<-readFile f;writeFile"out.txt"$t s$read n
p '\n'_='\n'
p 'X'2='X'
p _ 3='X'
p _ _='.'
t r 0=r
t r n=t[p(r!!m)$sum[1|d<-1:[80..82],s<-[1,-1],-m<=d*s,m+d*s<3240,'X'==r!!(m+d*s)]|m<-[0..3239]]$n-1
F#, 496
I could reduce this a lot, but I like this as it's still in the ballpark and pretty readable.
open System.IO
let mutable a:_[,]=null
let N y x=
[-1,-1;-1,0;-1,1;0,-1;0,1;1,-1;1,0;1,1]
|>Seq.sumBy(fun(i,j)->try if a.[y+i,x+j]='X' then 1 else 0 with _->0)
[<EntryPoint>]
let M(r)=
let b=File.ReadAllLines(r.[0])
a<-Array2D.init 40 80(fun y x->b.[y].[x])
for i=1 to int r.[1] do
a<-Array2D.init 40 80(fun y x->
match N y x with|3->'X'|2 when a.[y,x]='X'->'X'|_->'.')
File.WriteAllLines("out.txt",Array.init 40(fun y->
System.String(Array.init 80(fun x->a.[y,x]))))
0
EDIT
428
By request, here's my next stab:
open System
let mutable a,k=null,Array2D.init 40 80
[<EntryPoint>]
let M r=
a<-k(fun y x->IO.File.ReadAllLines(r.[0]).[y].[x])
for i=1 to int r.[1] do a<-k(fun y x->match Seq.sumBy(fun(i,j)->try if a.[y+i,x+j]='X'then 1 else 0 with _->0)[-1,-1;-1,0;-1,1;0,-1;0,1;1,-1;1,0;1,1]with|3->'X'|2 when a.[y,x]='X'->'X'|_->'.')
IO.File.WriteAllLines("out.txt",Array.init 40(fun y->String(Array.init 80(fun x->a.[y,x]))))
0
That's a 14% reduction with some basic golfing. I can't help but feel that I'm losing by using a 2D-array/array-of-strings rather than a 1D array, but don't feel like doing that transform now. Note how I elegantly read the file 3200 times to initialize my array :)
Ruby 1.8: 178 175 chars
f,n=$*;b=IO.read f
n.to_i.times{s=b.dup
s.size.times{|i|t=([82,1,-80].map{|o|b[i-o,3]||''}*'').count 'X'
s[i]=t==3||b[i]-t==?T??X:?.if s[i]>13};b=s}
File.new('out.txt','w')<<b
Newlines are significant (although all can be replaced w/ semicolons.)
Edit: fixed the newline issue, and trimmed 3 chars.
Java, 441... 346
Update 1 Removed inner if and more ugliness
Update 2 Fixed a bug and gained a character
Update 3 Using lots more memory and arrays while ignoring some boundaries issues. Probably a few chars could be saved.
Update 4 Saved a few chars. Thanks to BalusC.
Update 5 A few minor changes to go below 400 and make it just that extra bit uglier.
Update 6 Now things are so hardcoded may as well read in the exact amount in one go. Plus a few more savings.
Update 7 Chain the writing to the file to save a char. Plus a few odd bits.
Just playing around with BalusC's solution. Limited reputation means I couldnt add anything as a comment to his.
class M{public static void main(String[]a)throws Exception{int t=3240,j=t,i=new Integer(a[1])*t+t;char[]b=new char[i+t],p={1,80,81,82};for(new java.io.FileReader(a[0]).read(b,t,t);j<i;){char c=b[j],l=0;for(int n:p)l+=b[j+n]/88+b[j-n]/88;b[j+++t]=c>10?(l==3|l+c==90?88:'.'):c;}new java.io.FileWriter("out.txt").append(new String(b,j,t)).close();}}
More readable(?) version:
class M{
public static void main(String[]a)throws Exception{
int t=3240,j=t,i=new Integer(a[1])*t+t;
char[]b=new char[i+t],p={1,80,81,82};
for(new java.io.FileReader(a[0]).read(b,t,t);j<i;){
char c=b[j],l=0;
for(int n:p)l+=b[j+n]/88+b[j-n]/88;
b[j+++t]=c>10?(l==3|l+c==90?88:'.'):c;
}
new java.io.FileWriter("out.txt").append(new String(b,j,t)).close();
}
}
Scala - 467 364 339 chars
object G{def main(a:Array[String]){val l=io.Source.fromFile(new java.io.File(a(0)))getLines("\n")map(_.toSeq)toSeq
val f=new java.io.FileWriter("out.txt")
f.write((1 to a(1).toInt).foldLeft(l){(t,_)=>(for(y<-0 to 39)yield(for(x<-0 to 79)yield{if(x%79==0|y%39==0)'.'else{val m=t(y-1)
val p=t(y+1);val s=Seq(m(x-1),m(x),m(x+1),t(y)(x-1),t(y)(x+1),p(x-1),p(x),p(x+1)).count('X'==_)
if(s==3|(s==2&t(y)(x)=='X'))'X'else'.'}})toSeq)toSeq}map(_.mkString)mkString("\n"))
f.close}}
I think there is much room for improvement...
[Edit] Yes, it is:
object G{def main(a:Array[String]){var l=io.Source.fromFile(new java.io.File(a(0))).mkString
val f=new java.io.FileWriter("out.txt")
var i=a(1).toInt
while(i>0){l=l.zipWithIndex.map{case(c,n)=>if(c=='\n')'\n'else{val s=Seq(-83,-82,-81,-1,1,81,82,83).map(_+n).filter(k=>k>=0&k<l.size).count(l(_)=='X')
if(s==3|(s==2&c=='X'))'X'else'.'}}.mkString
i-=1}
f.write(l)
f.close}}
[Edit] And I have the feeling there is still more to squeeze out...
object G{def main(a:Array[String]){val f=new java.io.FileWriter("out.txt")
f.write(((1 to a(1).toInt):\(io.Source.fromFile(new java.io.File(a(0))).mkString)){(_,m)=>m.zipWithIndex.map{case(c,n)=>
val s=Seq(-83,-82,-81,-1,1,81,82,83)count(k=>k+n>=0&k+n<m.size&&m(k+n)=='X')
if(c=='\n')c else if(s==3|s==2&c=='X')'X'else'.'}.mkString})
f.close}}
The following solution uses my own custom domain-specific programming language which I have called NULL:
3499538
In case you are wondering how this works: My language consists of only of one statment per program. The statement represents a StackOverflow thread ID belonging to a code golf thread. My compiler compiles this into a program that looks for the best javascript solution (with the SO API), downloads it and runs it in a web browser.
Runtime could be better for new threads (it may take some time for the first upvoted Javascript answer to appear), but on the upside it requires only very little coding skills.
Javascript/Node.js - 233 236 characters
a=process.argv
f=require('fs')
m=46
t=f.readFileSync(a[2])
while(a[3]--)t=[].map.call(t,function(c,i){for(n=g=0;e=[-82,-81,-80,-1,1,80,81,82][g++];)t[i+e]>m&&n++
return c<m?c:c==m&&n==3||c>m&&n>1&&n<4?88:m})
f.writeFile('out.txt',t)
C - 300
Just wondered how much smaller and uglier my java solution could go in C. Reduces to 300 including the newlines for the preprocessor bits. Leaves freeing the memory to the OS! Could save ~20 by assuming the OS will close and flush the file too.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define A(N)j[-N]/88+j[N]/88
int main(int l,char**a){
int t=3240,i=atoi(a[2])*t+t;
char*b=malloc(i+t),*j;
FILE*f;
fread(j=b+t,1,t,fopen(a[1],"r"));
for(;j-b-i;j++[t]=*j>10?l==3|l+*j==90?88:46:10)
l=A(1)+A(80)+A(81)+A(82);
fwrite(j,1,t,f=fopen("out.txt","w"));
fclose(f);
}
MUMPS: 314 chars
L(F,N,R=40,C=80)
N (F,N,R,C)
O F:"RS" U F D C F
.F I=1:1:R R L F J=1:1:C S G(0,I,J)=($E(L,J)="X")
F A=0:1:N-1 F I=1:1:R F J=1:1:C D S G(A+1,I,J)=$S(X=2:G(A,I,J),X=3:1,1:0)
.S X=0 F i=-1:1:1 F j=-1:1:1 I i!j S X=X+$G(G(A,I+i,J+j))
S F="OUT.TXT" O F:"WNS" U F D C F
.F I=1:1:R F J=1:1:C W $S(G(N,I,J):"X",1:".") W:J=C !
Q
Java, 556 532 517 496 472 433 428 420 418 381 chars
Update 1: replaced 1st StringBuffer by Appendable and 2nd by char[]. Saved 24 chars.
Update 2: found a shorter way to read file into char[]. Saved 15 chars.
Update 3: replaced one if/else by ?: and merged char[] and int declarations. Saved 21 chars.
Update 4: replaced (int)f.length() and c.length by s. Saved 24 chars.
Update 5: made improvements as per hints of Molehill. Major one was hardcoding the char length so that I could get rid of File. Saved 39 chars.
Update 6: minor refactoring. Saved 6 chars.
Update 7: replaced Integer#valueOf() by new Integer() and refactored for loop. Saved 8 chars.
Update 8: Improved neighbour calculation. Saved 2 chars.
Update 9: Optimized file reading since file length is already hardcoded. Saved 37 chars.
import java.io.*;class L{public static void main(String[]a)throws Exception{int i=new Integer(a[1]),j,l,s=3240;int[]p={-82,-81,-80,-1,1,80,81,82};char[]o,c=new char[s];for(new FileReader(a[0]).read(c);i-->0;c=o)for(o=new char[j=s];j-->0;){l=0;for(int n:p)l+=n+j>-1&n+j<s?c[n+j]/88:0;o[j]=c[j]>13?l==3|l+c[j]==90?88:'.':10;}Writer w=new FileWriter("out.txt");w.write(c);w.close();}}
More readable version:
import java.io.*;
class L{
public static void main(String[]a)throws Exception{
int i=new Integer(a[1]),j,l,s=3240;
int[]p={-82,-81,-80,-1,1,80,81,82};
char[]o,c=new char[s];
for(new FileReader(a[0]).read(c);i-->0;c=o)for(o=new char[j=s];j-->0;){
l=0;for(int n:p)l+=n+j>-1&n+j<s?c[n+j]/88:0;
o[j]=c[j]>10?l==3|l+c[j]==90?88:'.':10;
}
Writer w=new FileWriter("out.txt");w.write(c);w.close();
}
}
Closing after writing is absoletely mandatory, else the file is left empty. It would otherwise have saved another 21 chars.
Further I could also save one more char when I use 46 instead of '.', but both javac and Eclipse jerks with a compilation error Possible loss of precision. Weird stuff.
Note: this expects an input file with \n newlines, not \r\n as Windows by default uses!
PHP - 365 328 322 Characters.
list(,$n,$l) = $_SERVER["argv"];
$f = file( $n );
for($j=0;$j<$l;$j++){
foreach($f as $k=>$v){
$a[$k]="";
for($i=0;$i < strlen( $v );$i++ ){
$t = 0;
for($m=-1;$m<2;$m++){
for($h=-1;$h<2;$h++){
$t+=ord($f[$k + $m][$i + $h]);
}
}
$t-=ord($v[$i]);
$a[$k] .= ( $t == 494 || ($t == 452 && ord($v[$i])==88)) ? "X" : "." ;
}
}
$f = $a;
}
file_put_contents("out.txt", implode("\n", $a ));
I'm sure this can be improved upon but I was curious what it would look like in PHP. Maybe this will inspire someone who has a little more code-golf experience.
Updated use list() instead of $var = $_SERVER["argv"] for both args. Nice one Don
Updated += and -= this one made me /facepalm heh cant believe i missed it
Updated file output to use file_put_contents() another good catch by Don
Updated removed initialization of vars $q and $w they were not being used
R 340 chars
cgc<-function(i="in.txt",x=100){
require(simecol)
z<-file("in.txt", "rb")
y<-matrix(data=NA,nrow=40,ncol=80)
for(i in seq(40)){
for(j in seq(80)){
y[i,j]<-ifelse(readChar(z,1) == "X",1,0)
}
readChar(z,3)
}
close(z)
init(conway) <- y
times(conway)<-1:x
o<-as.data.frame(out(sim(conway))[[100]])
write.table(o, "out.txt", sep="", row.names=FALSE, col.names=FALSE)
}
cgc()
I feel it's slightly cheating to have an add in package that does the actual automata for you, but I'm going with it cos I still had to thrash around with matricies and stuff to read in the file with 'X' instead of 1.
This is my first 'code golf', interesting....
c++ - 492 454 386
my first code golf ;)
#include<fstream>
#define B(i,j)(b[i][j]=='X')
int main(int i,char**v){for(int n=0;n<atoi(v[2]);++n){std::ifstream f(v[1]);v[1]="out.txt";char b[40][83];for(i=0;i<40;++i)f.getline(b[i],83);std::ofstream g("out.txt");g<<b[0]<<'\n';for(i=1;i<39;++i){g<<'.';for(int j=1;j<79;++j){int k=B(i-1,j)+B(i+1,j)+B(i,j-1)+B(i,j+1)+B(i-1,j-1)+B(i+1,j+1)+B(i+1,j-1)+B(i-1,j+1);(B(i,j)&&(k<2||k>3))?g<<'.':(!B(i,j)&&k==3)?g<<'X':g<<b[i][j];}g<<".\n";}g<<b[0]<<'\n';}}
A somewhat revised version, replacing some of the logic with a table lookup+a few other minor tricks:
#include<fstream>
#define B(x,y)(b[i+x][j+y]=='X')
int main(int i,char**v){for(int n=0;n<atoi(v[2]);++n){std::ifstream f(v[1]);*v="out.txt";char b[40][83], O[]="...X.....";for(i=0;i<40;++i)f>>b[i];std::ofstream g(*v);g<<b[0]<<'\n';for(i=1;i<39;++i){g<<'.';for(int j=1;j<79;++j){O[2]=b[i][j];g<<O[B(-1,0)+B(1,0)+B(0,-1)+B(0,1)+B(-1,-1)+B(1,1)+B(1,-1)+B(-1,1)];}g<<".\n";}g<<b[0]<<'\n';}}
Perl – 214 chars
What, no perl entries yet?
$i=pop;#c=<>;#c=map{$r=$_;$u='';for(0..79)
{$K=$_-1;$R=$r-1;$u.=((&N.(&N^"\0\W\0").&N)=~y/X//
|(substr$c[$r],$_,1)eq'X')==3?'X':'.';}$u}keys#c for(1..$i);
sub N{substr$c[$R++],$K,3}open P,'>','out.txt';$,=$/;print P#c
Run with: conway.pl infile #times
Another Java attempt, 361 chars
class L{public static void main(final String[]a)throws Exception{new java.io.RandomAccessFile("out.txt","rw"){{int e=88,p[]={-1,1,-80,80,-81,81,-82,82},s=3240,l=0,i=new Byte(a[1])*s+s,c;char[]b=new char[s];for(new java.io.FileReader(a[0]).read(b);i>0;seek(l=++l%s),i--){c=b[l];for(int n:p)c+=l+n>=0&l+n<s?b[l+n]/e:0;write(c>13?(c==49|(c|1)==91?e:46):10);}}};}}
And a little more readable
class L {
public static void main(final String[]a) throws Exception {
new java.io.RandomAccessFile("out.txt","rw"){{
int e=88, p[]={-1,1,-80,80,-81,81,-82,82},s=3240,l=0,i=new Byte(a[1])*s+s,c;
char[] b = new char[s];
for (new java.io.FileReader(a[0]).read(b);i>0;seek(l=++l%s),i--) {
c=b[l];
for (int n:p)
c+=l+n>=0&l+n<s?b[l+n]/e:0;
write(c>13?(c==49|(c|1)==91?e:46):10);
}
}};
}
}
Very similar to Molehill’s version. I've tried to use a different FileWriter and to count the cell's neighbors without an additional variable.
Unfortunately, RandomAccessFile is a pretty long name and it is required that you pass an file access mode.
RUST - 469 characters
Don't know if I should post this here, (this post is 3 years old) but anyway, my try on this, in rust (0.9):
use std::io::fs::File;fn main(){
let mut c=File::open(&Path::new(std::os::args()[1])).read_to_end();
for _ in range(0,from_str::<int>(std::os::args()[2]).unwrap()){
let mut b=c.clone();for y in range(0,40){for x in range(0,80){let mut s=0;
for z in range(x-1,x+2){for t in range(y-1,y+2){
if z>=0&&t>=0&&z<80&&t<40&&(x !=z||y !=t)&&c[t*81+z]==88u8{s +=1;}}}
b[y*81+x]=if s==3||(s==2&&c[y*81+x]==88u8){88u8} else {46u8};}}c = b;}
File::create(&Path::new("out.txt")).write(c);}
For people interested, here is the code before some agressive golfing:
use std::io::fs::File;
fn main() {
let f = std::os::args()[1];
let mut c = File::open(&Path::new(f)).read_to_end();
let n = from_str::<int>(std::os::args()[2]).unwrap();
for _ in range(0,n)
{
let mut new = c.clone();
for y in range(0,40) {
for x in range(0,80) {
let mut sum = 0;
for xx in range(x-1,x+2){
for yy in range(y-1,y+2) {
if xx >= 0 && yy >= 0 && xx <80 && yy <40 && (x != xx || y != yy) && c[yy*81+xx] == 88u8
{ sum = sum + 1; }
}
}
new[y*81+x] = if sum == 3 || (sum == 2 && c[y*81+x] == 88u8) {88u8} else {46u8};
}
}
c = new;
}
File::create(&Path::new("out.txt")).write(c);
}
ét voilà
you may want to use this html file. no file input, but a textarea that does the job!
there is also some html and initiation and vars. the main routine has only 235 characters.
It's hand-minified JS.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html><body><textarea id="t" style="width:600px;height:600px;font-family:Courier">
</textarea></body><script type="text/javascript">var o,c,m=new Array(3200),
k=new Array(3200),y,v,l,p;o=document.getElementById("t");for(y=0;y<3200;y++)
{m[y]=Math.random()<0.5;}setInterval(function(){p="";for(y=0;y<3200;y++){c=0;
for(v=-1;v<2;v+=2){c+=m[y-1*v]?1:0;for(l=79;l<82;l++)c+=m[y-l*v]?1:0;}
k[y]=c==3||m[y]&&c==2;}p="";for(y=0;y<3200;y++){p+=(y>0&&y%80==0)?"\n":"";
m[y]=k[y];p+=(m[y]?"O":"-");}o.innerHTML=p;},100);</script></html>
One of the classic patterns
***
..*
.*
My avatar was created using my version of the Game of Life using this pattern and rule(note that it is not 23/3):
#D Thanks to my daughter Natalie
#D Try at cell size of 1
#R 8/1
#P -29 -29
.*********************************************************
*.*******************************************************.*
**.*****************************************************.**
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
****************************.*.****************************
***********************************************************
****************************.*.****************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
***********************************************************
**.*****************************************************.**
*.*******************************************************.*
.*********************************************************
IMHO - as I learned Conway's Game of Life the trick wasn't writing short code, but code that could do complex life forms quickly. Using the classic pattern above and a wrapped world of 594,441 cells the best I could ever do was around 1,000 generations / sec.
Another simple pattern
**********
.
................*
.................**
................**.......**********
And gliders
........................*...........
......................*.*...........
............**......**............**
...........*...*....**............**
**........*.....*...**..............
**........*...*.**....*.*...........
..........*.....*.......*...........
...........*...*....................
............**......................
Locked. This question and its answers are locked because the question is off-topic but has historical significance. It is not currently accepting new answers or interactions.
The Challenge
Guidelines for code-golf on SO
The shortest code by character count to display a representation of a circle of radius R using the *character, followed by an approximation of π.
Input is a single number, R.
Since most computers seem to have almost 2:1 ratio you should only output lines where y is odd. This means that when R is odd you should print R-1 lines. There is a new testcase for R=13 to clarify.
eg.
Input
5
Output Correct Incorrect
3 ******* 4 *******
1 ********* 2 *********
-1 ********* 0 ***********
-3 ******* -2 *********
2.56 -4 *******
3.44
Edit: Due to widespread confusion caused by odd values of R, any solutions that pass the 4 test cases given below will be accepted
The approximation of π is given by dividing twice the number of * characters by R².
The approximation should be correct to at least 6 significant digits.
Leading or trailing zeros are permitted, so for example any of 3, 3.000000, 003 is accepted for the inputs of 2 and 4.
Code count includes input/output (i.e., full program).
Test Cases
Input
2
Output
***
***
3.0
Input
4
Output
*****
*******
*******
*****
3.0
Input
8
Output
*******
*************
***************
***************
***************
***************
*************
*******
3.125
Input
10
Output
*********
***************
*****************
*******************
*******************
*******************
*******************
*****************
***************
*********
3.16
Bonus Test Case
Input
13
Output
*************
*******************
*********************
***********************
*************************
*************************
*************************
*************************
***********************
*********************
*******************
*************
2.98224852071
C: 131 chars
(Based on the C++ solution by Joey)
main(i,j,c,n){for(scanf("%d",&n),c=0,i|=-n;i<n;puts(""),i+=2)for(j=-n;++j<n;putchar(i*i+j*j<n*n?c++,42:32));printf("%g",2.*c/n/n);}
(Change the i|=-n to i-=n to remove the support of odd number cases. This merely reduces char count to 130.)
As a circle:
main(i,j,
c,n){for(scanf(
"%d",&n),c=0,i=1|
-n;i<n;puts(""),i+=
0x2)for(j=-n;++j<n;
putchar(i*i+j*j<n*n
?c++,0x02a:0x020));
printf("%g",2.*c/
n/n);3.1415926;
5358979;}
XSLT 1.0
Just for fun, here's an XSLT version. Not really code-golf material, but it solves the problem in a weird-functional-XSLT-kind of way :)
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0"
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
xmlns:msxsl="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xslt" >
<xsl:output method="html"/>
<!-- Skip even lines -->
<xsl:template match="s[#y mod 2=0]">
<xsl:variable name="next">
<!-- Just go to next line.-->
<s R="{#R}" y="{#y+1}" x="{-#R}" area="{#area}"/>
</xsl:variable>
<xsl:apply-templates select="msxsl:node-set($next)"/>
</xsl:template>
<!-- End of the line?-->
<xsl:template match="s[#x > #R]">
<xsl:variable name="next">
<!-- Go to next line.-->
<s R="{#R}" y="{#y+1}" x="{-#R}" area="{#area}"/>
</xsl:variable><!-- Print LF-->
<xsl:apply-templates
select="msxsl:node-set($next)"/>
</xsl:template>
<!-- Are we done? -->
<xsl:template match="s[#y > #R]">
<!-- Print PI approximation -->
<xsl:value-of select="2*#area div #R div #R"/>
</xsl:template>
<!-- Everything not matched above -->
<xsl:template match="s">
<!-- Inside the circle?-->
<xsl:variable name="inside" select="#x*#x+#y*#y < #R*#R"/>
<!-- Print "*" or " "-->
<xsl:choose>
<xsl:when test="$inside">*</xsl:when>
<xsl:otherwise> </xsl:otherwise>
</xsl:choose>
<xsl:variable name="next">
<!-- Add 1 to area if we're inside the circle. Go to next column.-->
<s R="{#R}" y="{#y}" x="{#x+1}" area="{#area+number($inside)}"/>
</xsl:variable>
<xsl:apply-templates select="msxsl:node-set($next)"/>
</xsl:template>
<!-- Begin here -->
<xsl:template match="/R">
<xsl:variable name="initial">
<!-- Initial state-->
<s R="{number()}" y="{-number()}" x="{-number()}" area="0"/>
</xsl:variable>
<pre>
<xsl:apply-templates select="msxsl:node-set($initial)"/>
</pre>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
If you want to test it, save it as pi.xslt and open the following XML file in IE:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<?xml-stylesheet href="pi.xslt" type="text/xsl" ?>
<R>
10
</R>
Perl, 95 96 99 106 109 110 119 characters:
$t+=$;=1|2*sqrt($r**2-($u-2*$_)**2),say$"x($r-$;/2).'*'x$;for 0..
($u=($r=<>)-1|1);say$t*2/$r**2
(The newline can be removed and is only there to avoid a scrollbar)
Yay! Circle version!
$t+=$;=
1|2*sqrt($r**
2-($u-2*$_)**2)
,say$"x($r-$;/2
).'*'x$;for 0..
($u=($r=<>)-1|1
);$pi=~say$t*
2/$r**2
For the uninitiated, the long version:
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use feature 'say';
# Read the radius from STDIN
my $radius = <>;
# Since we're only printing asterisks on lines where y is odd,
# the number of lines to be printed equals the size of the radius,
# or (radius + 1) if the radius is an odd number.
# Note: we're always printing an even number of lines.
my $maxline = ($radius - 1) | 1;
my $surface = 0;
# for ($_ = 0; $_ <= $maxline; $_++), if you wish
for (0 .. $maxline) {
# First turn 0 ... N-1 into -(N/2) ... N/2 (= Y-coordinates),
my $y = $maxline - 2*$_;
# then use Pythagoras to see how many stars we need to print for this line.
# Bitwise OR "casts" to int; and: 1 | int(2 * x) == 1 + 2 * int(x)
my $stars = 1 | 2 * sqrt($radius**2-$y**2);
$surface += $stars;
# $" = $LIST_SEPARATOR: default is a space,
# Print indentation + stars
# (newline is printed automatically by say)
say $" x ($radius - $stars/2) . '*' x $stars;
}
# Approximation of Pi based on surface area of circle:
say $surface*2/$radius**2;
FORTRAN - 101 Chars
$ f95 piday.f95 -o piday && echo 8 | ./piday
READ*,N
DO I=-N,N,2
M=(N*N-I*I)**.5
PRINT*,(' ',J=1,N-M),('*',J=0,M*2)
T=T+2*J
ENDDO
PRINT*,T/N/N
END
READ*,N
K=N/2*2;DO&
I=1-K,N,2;M=&
(N*N-I*I)**.5;;
PRINT*,(' ',J=&
1,N-M),('*',J=&
0,M*2);T=T+2*J;
ENDDO;PRINT*&
,T/N/N;END;
!PI-DAY
x86 Machine Code: 127 bytes
Intel Assembler: 490 chars
mov si,80h
mov cl,[si]
jcxz ret
mov bx,10
xor ax,ax
xor bp,bp
dec cx
a:mul bx
mov dl,[si+2]
sub dl,48
cmp dl,bl
jae ret
add ax,dx
inc si
loop a
mov dl,al
inc dl
mov dh,al
add dh,dh
mov ch,dh
mul al
mov di,ax
x:mov al,ch
sub al,dl
imul al
mov si,ax
mov cl,dh
c:mov al,cl
sub al,dl
imul al
add ax,si
cmp ax,di
mov al,32
ja y
or al,bl
add bp,2
y:int 29h
dec cl
jnz c
mov al,bl
int 29h
mov al,13
int 29h
sub ch,2
jnc x
mov ax,bp
cwd
mov cl,7
e:div di
cmp cl,6
jne z
pusha
mov al,46
int 29h
popa
z:add al,48
int 29h
mov ax,bx
mul dx
jz ret
dec cl
jnz e
ret
This version handles the bonus test case as well and is 133 bytes:
mov si,80h
mov cl,[si]
jcxz ret
mov bx,10
xor ax,ax
xor bp,bp
dec cx
a:mul bx
mov dl,[si+2]
sub dl,48
cmp dl,bl
jae ret
add ax,dx
inc si
loop a
mov dl,al
rcr dl,1
adc dl,dh
add dl,dl
mov dh,dl
add dh,dh
dec dh
mov ch,dh
mul al
mov di,ax
x:mov al,ch
sub al,dl
imul al
mov si,ax
mov cl,dh
c:mov al,cl
sub al,dl
imul al
add ax,si
cmp ax,di
mov al,32
jae y
or al,bl
add bp,2
y:int 29h
dec cl
jnz c
mov al,bl
int 29h
mov al,13
int 29h
sub ch,2
jnc x
mov ax,bp
cwd
mov cl,7
e:div di
cmp cl,6
jne z
pusha
mov al,46
int 29h
popa
z:add al,48
int 29h
mov ax,bx
mul dx
jz ret
dec cl
jnz e
ret
Python: 101 104 107 110 chars
Based on the other Python version by Nicholas Riley.
r=input()
t=0
i=1
exec"n=1+int((2*i*r-i*i)**.5)*2;t+=2.*n/r/r;print' '*(r-n/2)+'*'*n;i+=2;"*r
print t
Credits to AlcariTheMad for some of the math.
Ah, the odd-numbered ones are indexed with zero as the middle, explains everything.
Bonus Python: 115 chars (quickly hacked together)
r=input()
t=0
i=1
while i<r*2:n=1+int((2*i*r-i*i)**.5)*2;t+=2.*n/r/r;print' '*(r-n/2)+'*'*n;i+=2+(r-i==2)*2
print t
In dc: 88 and 93 93 94 96 102 105 129 138 141 chars
Just in case, I am using OpenBSD and some supposedly non-portable extensions at this point.
93 chars. This is based on same formula as FORTRAN solution (slightly different results than test cases). Calculates X^2=R^2-Y^2 for every Y
[rdPr1-d0<p]sp1?dsMdd*sRd2%--
[dd*lRr-vddlMr-32rlpxRR42r2*lpxRRAP4*2+lN+sN2+dlM>y]
dsyx5klNlR/p
88 chars. Iterative solution. Matches test cases. For every X and Y checks if X^2+Y^2<=R^2
1?dsMdd*sRd2%--sY[0lM-[dd*lYd*+lRr(2*d5*32+PlN+sN1+dlM!<x]dsxxAPlY2+dsYlM>y]
dsyx5klNlR/p
To run dc pi.dc.
Here is an older annotated version:
# Routines to print '*' or ' '. If '*', increase the counter by 2
[lN2+sN42P]s1
[32P]s2
# do 1 row
# keeping I in the stack
[
# X in the stack
# Calculate X^2+Y^2 (leave a copy of X)
dd*lYd*+
#Calculate X^2+Y^2-R^2...
lR-d
# .. if <0, execute routine 1 (print '*')
0>1
# .. else execute routine 2 (print ' ')
0!>2
# increment X..
1+
# and check if done with line (if not done, recurse)
d lM!<x
]sx
# Routine to cycle for the columns
# Y is on the stack
[
# push -X
0lM-
# Do row
lxx
# Print EOL
10P
# Increment Y and save it, leaving 2 copies
lY 2+ dsY
# Check for stop condition
lM >y
]sy
# main loop
# Push Input value
[Input:]n?
# Initialize registers
# M=rows
d sM
# Y=1-(M-(M%2))
dd2%-1r-sY
# R=M^2
d*sR
# N=0
0sN
[Output:]p
# Main routine
lyx
# Print value of PI, N/R
5klNlR/p
Powershell, 119 113 109 characters
($z=-($n=$args[($s=0)])..$n)|?{$_%2}|%{$l="";$i=$_
$z|%{$l+=" *"[$i*$i+$_*$_-lt$n*$n-and++$s]};$l};2*$s/$n/$n
and here's a prettier version:
( $range = -( $R = $args[ ( $area = 0 ) ] ) .. $R ) |
where { $_ % 2 } |
foreach {
$line = ""
$i = $_
$range | foreach {
$line += " *"[ $i*$i + $_*$_ -lt $R*$R -and ++$area ]
}
$line
}
2 * $area / $R / $R
HyperTalk: 237 characters
Indentation is not required nor counted. It is added for clarity. Also note that HyperCard 2.2 does accept those non-ASCII relational operators I used.
function P R
put""into t
put 0into c
repeat with i=-R to R
if i mod 2≠0then
repeat with j=-R to R
if i^2+j^2≤R^2then
put"*"after t
add 1to c
else
put" "after t
end if
end repeat
put return after t
end if
end repeat
return t&2*c/R/R
end P
Since HyperCard 2.2 doesn't support stdin/stdout, a function is provided instead.
C#: 209 202 201 characters:
using C=System.Console;class P{static void Main(string[]a){int r=int.Parse(a[0]),s=0,i,x,y;for(y=1-r;y<r;y+=2){for(x=1-r;x<r;s+=i)C.Write(" *"[i=x*x+++y*y<=r*r?1:0]);C.WriteLine();}C.Write(s*2d/r/r);}}
Unminified:
using C = System.Console;
class P {
static void Main(string[] arg) {
int r = int.Parse(arg[0]), sum = 0, inside, x, y;
for (y = 1 - r; y < r; y += 2) {
for (x = 1 - r; x < r; sum += inside)
C.Write(" *"[inside = x * x++ + y * y <= r * r ? 1 : 0]);
C.WriteLine();
}
C.Write(sum * 2d / r / r);
}
}
Haskell 139 145 147 150 230 chars:
x True=' ';x _='*'
a n=unlines[[x$i^2+j^2>n^2|j<-[-n..n]]|i<-[1-n,3-n..n]]
b n=a n++show(sum[2|i<-a n,i=='*']/n/n)
main=readLn>>=putStrLn.b
Handling the odd numbers: 148 chars:
main=do{n<-readLn;let{z k|k<n^2='*';z _=' ';c=[[z$i^2+j^2|j<-[-n..n]]|i<-[1,3..n]];d=unlines$reverse c++c};putStrLn$d++show(sum[2|i<-d,i=='*']/n/n)}
150 chars:
(Based on the C version.)
a n=unlines[concat[if i^2+j^2>n^2then" "else"*"|j<-[-n..n]]|i<-[1-n,3-n..n]]
main=do n<-read`fmap`getLine;putStr$a n;print$2*sum[1|i<-a n,i=='*']/n/n
230 chars:
main=do{r<-read`fmap`getLine;let{p=putStr;d=2/fromIntegral r^2;l y n=let c m x=if x>r then p"\n">>return m else if x*x+y*y<r*r then p"*">>c(m+d)(x+1)else p" ">>c m(x+1)in if y>r then print n else c n(-r)>>=l(y+2)};l(1-r`mod`2-r)0}
Unminified:
main = do r <- read `fmap` getLine
let p = putStr
d = 2/fromIntegral r^2
l y n = let c m x = if x > r
then p "\n" >> return m
else if x*x+y*y<r*r
then p "*" >> c (m+d) (x+1)
else p " " >> c m (x+1)
in if y > r
then print n
else c n (-r) >>= l (y+2)
l (1-r`mod`2-r) 0
I was kinda hoping it would beat some of the imperative versions, but I can't seem to compress it any further at this point.
Ruby, 96 chars
(based on Guffa's C# solution):
r=gets.to_f
s=2*t=r*r
g=1-r..r
g.step(2){|y|g.step{|x|putc' * '[i=t<=>x*x+y*y];s+=i}
puts}
p s/t
109 chars (bonus):
r=gets.to_i
g=-r..r
s=g.map{|i|(g.map{|j|i*i+j*j<r*r ?'*':' '}*''+"\n")*(i%2)}*''
puts s,2.0/r/r*s.count('*')
PHP: 117
Based on dev-null-dweller
for($y=1-$r=$argv[1];$y<$r;$y+=2,print"\n")for($x=1-$r;$x<$r;$x++)echo$r*$r>$x*$x+$y*$y&&$s++?'*':' ';echo$s*2/$r/$r;
You guys are thinking way too hard.
switch (r) {
case 1,2:
echo "*"; break;
case 3,4:
echo " ***\n*****\n ***"; break;
// etc.
}
J: 47, 46, 45
Same basic idea as other solutions, i.e. r^2 <= x^2 + y^2, but J's array-oriented notation simplifies the expression:
c=:({&' *',&":2*+/#,%#*#)#:>_2{.\|#j./~#i:#<:
You'd call it like c 2 or c 8 or c 10 etc.
Bonus: 49
To handle odd input, e.g. 13, we have to filter on odd-valued x coordinates, rather than simply taking every other row of output (because now the indices could start at either an even or odd number). This generalization costs us 4 characters:
c=:*:({&' *'#],&":2%(%+/#,))]>(|#j./~2&|#])#i:#<:
Deminimized version:
c =: verb define
pythag =. y > | j./~ i:y-1 NB. r^2 > x^2 + y^2
squished =. _2 {.\ pythag NB. Odd rows only
piApx =. (2 * +/ , squished) % y*y
(squished { ' *') , ": piApx
)
Improvements and generalizations due to Marshall Lochbam on the J Forums.
Python: 118 characters
Pretty much a straightforward port of the Perl version.
r=input()
u=r+r%2
t=0
for i in range(u):n=1+2*int((r*r-(u-1-2*i)**2)**.5);t+=n;print' '*(r-n/2-1),'*'*n
print 2.*t/r/r
C++: 169 characters
#include <iostream>
int main(){int i,j,c=0,n;std::cin>>n;for(i=-n;i<=n;i+=2,std::cout<<'\n')for(j=-n;j<=n;j++)std::cout<<(i*i+j*j<=n*n?c++,'*':' ');std::cout<<2.*c/n/n;}
Unminified:
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int i,j,c=0,n;
std::cin>>n;
for(i=-n;i<=n;i+=2,std::cout<<'\n')
for(j=-n;j<=n;j++)
std::cout<<(i*i+j*j<=n*n?c++,'*':' ');
std::cout<<2.*c/n/n;
}
(Yes, using std:: instead of using namespace std uses less characters)
The output here doesn't match the test cases in the original post, so here's one that does (written for readability). Consider it a reference implementation (if Poita_ doesn't mind):
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int i, j, c=0, n;
cin >> n;
for(i=-n; i<=n; i++) {
if (i & 1) {
for(j=-n; j<=n; j++) {
if (i*i + j*j <= n*n) {
cout << '*';
c++;
} else {
cout << ' ';
}
}
cout << '\n';
}
}
cout << 2.0 * c / n / n << '\n';
}
C++: 168 characters (with output I believe is correct)
#include <iostream>
int main(){int i,j,c=0,n;std::cin>>n;for(i=-n|1;i<=n;i+=2,std::cout<<"\n")for(j=-n;j<=n;j++)std::cout<<" *"[i*i+j*j<=n*n&&++c];std::cout<<2.*c/n/n;}
PHP: 126 132 138
(based on Guffa C# solution)
126:
for($y=1-($r=$argv[1]);$y<$r;$y+=2,print"\n")for($x=1-$r;$x<$r;$s+=$i,++$x)echo($i=$x*$x+$y*$y<=$r*$r)?'*':' ';echo$s*2/$r/$r;
132:
for($y=1-($r=$argv[1]);$y<$r;$y+=2){for($x=1-$r;$x<$r;#$s+=$i,++$x)echo($i=$x*$x+$y*$y<=$r*$r?1:0)?'*':' ';echo"\n";}echo$s*2/$r/$r;
138:
for($y=1-($r=$argv[1]);$y<$r;$y+=2){for($x=1-$r;$x<$r;#$s+=$i){$t=$x;echo($i=$t*$x++ +$y*$y<=$r*$r?1:0)?'*':' ';}echo"\n";}echo$s*2/$r/$r;
Current full:
for( $y = 1 - ( $r = $argv[1]); $y < $r; $y += 2, print "\n")
for( $x = 1-$r; $x < $r; $s += $i, ++$x)
echo( $i = $x*$x + $y*$y <= $r*$r) ? '*' : ' ';
echo $s*2 /$r /$r;
Can be without # before first $s but only with error_reporting set to 0 (Notice outputs is messing the circle)
Ruby 1.8.x, 93
r=$_.to_f
q=0
e=r-1
(p(('*'*(n=1|2*(r*r-e*e)**0.5)).center r+r)
q+=n+n
e-=2)while-r<e
p q/r/r
Run with $ ruby -p piday
APL: 59
This function accepts a number and returns the two expected items. Works correctly in bonus cases.
{⍪(⊂' *'[1+m]),q÷⍨2×+/,m←(2|v)⌿(q←⍵*2)>v∘.+v←2*⍨⍵-⍳1+2×⍵-1}
Dialect is Dyalog APL, with default index origin. Skill level is clueless newbie, so if any APL guru wants to bring it down to 10 characters, be my guest!
You can try it online on Try APL, just paste it in and put a number after it:
{⍪(⊂' *'[1+m]),q÷⍨2×+/,m←(2|v)⌿(q←⍵*2)>v∘.+v←2*⍨⍵-⍳1+2×⍵-1} 13
*************
*******************
*********************
***********************
*************************
*************************
*************************
*************************
***********************
*********************
*******************
*************
2.98225
And a bash entry: 181 186 190 chars
for((y=-(r=$1,r/2*2);y<=r;y+=2));do for((x=-r;x<=r;++x));do((x*x+y*y<r*r))&&{((++n));echo -n '*';}||echo -n " ";((x<r))||echo;done;done;((s=1000,p=n*2*s/r/r,a=p/s,b=p%s));echo $a.$b
Run with e.g. bash py.sh 13
Python: 148 characters.
Failed (i.e. not short enough) attempt to abuse the rules and hardcode the test cases, as I mentioned in reply to the original post. Abusing it with a more verbose language may have been easier:
a=3.0,3.125,3.16
b="1","23","3677","47899"
r=input()
for i in b[r/3]+b[r/3][::-1]:q=1+2*int(i);print ' '*(int(b[r/3][-1])-int(i))+'*'*q
print a[r/5]
bc: 165, 127, 126 chars
Based on the Python version.
r=read()
for(i=-1;r*2>i+=2;scale=6){n=sqrt(2*i*r-i*i)
scale=0
n=1+n/1*2
j=r-n/2
t+=2*n
while(j--)" "
while(n--)"*"
"
"}
t/r/r
(New line after the last line cannot be omitted here.)
JavaScript (SpiderMonkey) - 118 chars
This version accepts input from stdin and passes the bonus test cases
r=readline()
for(t=0,i=-r;i<r;i++)if(i%2){for(s='',j=-r;j<r;j++){t+=q=i*i+j*j<r*r
s+=q?'*':' '}print(s)}print(t*2/r/r)
Usage: cat 10 | js thisfile.js -- jsbin preview adds an alias for print/readline so you can view in browser
Javascript: 213 163
Updated
r=10;m=Math;a=Array;t=0;l=document;for(i=-r;i<r;i+=2){w=m.floor(m.sqrt(r*r-i*i)*2);t+=w*2;l.writeln(a(m.round(r-w/2)).join(' ')+a(w).join('*'));}l.writeln(t/(r*r))
Nobody said it had to render correctly in the browser - just the output. As such I've removed the pre tags and optimised it further. To view the output you need to view generated source or set your stylesheet accordingly. Pi is less accurate this way, but it's now to spec.
r=10;m=Math;a=Array;t=0;s='';for(i=-r;i<r;i++){w=m.floor((m.sqrt(m.pow(r,2)-m.pow(i,2)))*2);t+=w;if(i%2){z=a(m.round(r-w/2)).join(' ')+a(w).join('*');s+=z+'\n';}}document.write('<pre>'+(s+(t/m.pow(r,2)))+'</pre>')
Unminified:
r=10;
m=Math;
a=Array;
t=0;
s='';
for(i=-r;i<r;i++){
w=m.floor((m.sqrt(m.pow(r,2)-m.pow(i,2)))*2);
t+=w;
if(i%2){
z=a(m.round(r-w/2)).join(' ')+a(w).join('*');
s+=z+'\n';
}
}
document.write('<pre>'+(s+(t/m.pow(r,2)))+'</pre>');
Java: 234
class C{public static void main(String[] a){int x,y,s=0,r=Integer.parseInt(a[0]);for(y=1-r;y<r;y+=2){for(x=1-r;x<r;++x){boolean b=x*x+y*y<=r*r;s+=b?1:0;System.out.print(b?'*':' ');}System.out.println();}System.out.println(s*2d/r/r);}}
Unminified:
class C{
public static void main(String[] a){
int x,y,s=0,r=Integer.parseInt(a[0]);
for(y=1-r;y<r;y+=2){
for(x=1-r;x<r;++x) {
boolean b=x*x+y*y<=r*r;
s+=b?1:0;
System.out.print(b?'*':' ');
}
System.out.println();
}
System.out.println(s*2d/r/r);
}
}
GAWK: 136, 132, 126, 125 chars
Based on the Python version.
{r=$1
for(i=-1;r*2>i+=2;print""){n=1+int((2*i*r-i*i)**.5)*2
t+=2*n/r/r
printf"%*s",r-n/2,""
while(n--)printf"%c","*"}print t}