The application I'm building is to recognize license plates on vehicles. Lowercase letters reduce reading accuracy (sometimes an uppercase letter is recognized as a wrong lowercase letter).
Can I eliminate the lowercase letters in ML Kit, so that they are not considered in the analysis at all?
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I have read that when you press a key on the keyboard, the OS will translate it to the corresponding ASCII, then the computer will convert ACII to Binary. But, what part of the computer converts ASCII to Binary? The question may be stupid because I have only started to learn CS.
Bear with me, it has been a while since I dealt with this sort of thing...
When you press a key on the keyboard, a (very low) voltage signal is raised and is detected by one of the I/O subsystems on the motherboard - in this case the one responsible for the signals at the port that the keyboard is connected to (e.g. USB, DIN, Bluetooth, etc).
The I/O handler then signals this to the interrupt handler, which in turn sends it as a keyboard interrupt to the operating system's keyboard driver. The keyboard driver maps this high-priority interrupt signal to a binary value according to the hardware's specific rules. And this binary representation of the pressed key is the value that the operating system uses and/or hands over to another program (like a word processor, console/terminal, email, etc).
For example, and assuming a very simple, single-byte ASCII-based system (it gets a lot more complicated these days - UTF-8, UTF-16, EBCDIC, etc., etc.):
When you press the letters g and H, the two voltages get translated into binary values 01100111 and 01001000 respectively. But since the computer does not understand the concept of "letters", these binary values represent numbers instead (no problem for the computer). In decimal this would be 103 and 72 respectively.
So where do the actual letters come in? The ASCII code is a mapping between the binary representation, its numeric value (in dec, Hex, Oct, etc.) and a corresponding symbol. The symbols in this case being g and H, which the computer then "paints" on the screen. Letters, numbers, punctuation marks - they are all graphical representations of a number -- little images if you like.
I'm using RISC-V and I am limited to using just and, or, xori, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division of integer values.
So for instance, the letter "a" will be represented as 97 and "aa" will be represented as 24929, and so on. The UI converts binary sequence into decimal representation, and I cannot directly modify n-th bit.
Is there anyway I can find a simple, general equation of converting from lowercase to uppercase the decimal representation of a maximum of 8 letter sequence of Strings?
Also, I forgot to add, I can't partition the string into individual letters either. Maybe it's possible, but I don't know how to do it.
Letters or characters are usually represented as byte values, which are easier to read in hexadecimal. This can be seen if you convert 97 and 24929 to hex.
You did not mention the system which was used to encode the characters; mentioning the value for one character is not definitive. Assuming your letters are encoded as ASCII, find an ASCII table and figure out the DIFFERENCE between upper- and lowercase character codes.
Use this knowledge to design an algorithm to transform lowercase character codes to uppercase.
A good uppercase conversion algorithm will not modify characters that are not lowercase letters.
This can be extended to SIMD if you are careful to avoid carries between bytes if you need to add or subtract.
I was just curious because 65 is the same as the letter A
If this is the wrong stack sorry.
"65 is the same as the letter A": It is true if you say it is. But not saying more than that isn't very useful.
There is no text but encoded text. There are no numbers but encoded numbers. To the CPU, some number encodings are native, everything else is just undifferentiated data.
(Some data is just data for programs, other data is the CPU instructions of programs. It's a security problem if a CPU executes data as instructions inappropriately. Some architectures keep program data and instructions separate.)
Common native number encodings are signed and unsigned integers of 1, 2, 4, and 8 bytes and IEEE-754 single and double precision floating point numbers. Signed integers are usually two's-complement. Multi-byte integers have a byte ordering (or endianness) because on typical machines each byte is individually addressable. If a number encoding is not native, a program library is needed to process such data.
Text is a sequence of encoded characters from a character set. There are hundreds of character sets. A character set is an assignment of a conceptual character to a number called a codepoint. Sometimes the conceptual characters are categorized as lowercase letter, digit, symbol, etc. A codepoint value is mapped to bytes using a character encoding. Most character sets have one encoding, but Unicode has several. Some character sets are subsets of other character sets—such relationships are not generally useful because exactly one character set is used in any one context.
A program is a set of instructions that operate on data. It must apply the correct operations to the right data. So, it is the program that differentiates between text and number, usually by its location or flow path.
Stored data must be in a known layout of encoded text and numbers. Sometimes the layout is stored also. The layout is called metadata. Without the metadata accompanying the data, or being agreed upon, the data cannot be used.
It's all quite simple with appropriate bookkeeping. But there are several methods of bookkeeping so there is no general solution to how to handle data without metadata. Methods include: Well-known and/or registered file extensions, HTTP headers, MIME types, HTML meta charset tag, XML encoding declaration. Some methods only work in a certain context, such as audio/video codecs having a four-character code (FourCC), and unix shell scripts with a shebang. Some methods only help narrow guessing, such as file signatures. Needless to say, guessing should be avoided; it leads to security issues and data loss.
Unfortunately, text files are often without metadata. It is particularly important to agree upon or separately communicate the metadata.
Data without metadata is "binary". So the writer of text must agree with the reader on which character encoding is to be used. Similarly, for all types of data. Here reader and writer are both humans and programs.
Short answer. They don't. Longer answer, every binary combination between 00000000 and 11111111 has a character representation in the ASCII character set. 01000001 just happens to be the first capital letter in the Latin alphabet that was designated over 30 years ago. There are other character sets, and code pages that represent different letter, numbers, non-printable and accented letters. It's entirely possible that the binary 01000001 could be a lower case z with a tilde over the top in a different character set. 'computers' don't know (or care) what a particular binary representation means to humans.
In the representation of inputs in the computer, the numbers are taken as characters and encoded with Ascii code or are they converted directly to binary? in other way: When my input is considered as integer and not a character?
Both are possible, and it depends on the application. In other words the software programmer decides. In general, binary representation is more efficient in terms of storage requirements and processing speed. Therefore binary representation is more usual, but there are good examples when it is better to keep numbers as strings:
to avoid problems with conversions
phone numbers
when no adequate binary representation is available (e.g. 100 digits of pi)
numbers where no processing takes places
to be continued ...
The most basic building block of electronic data is a bit. It can have only 2 values, 0 and 1. Other data structures are built from collection of bits, such as an 8-bit byte, or a 32-bit float.
When a collection of bits needs to be used to represent a character, a certain encoding is used to give lexical meaning to these bits, such as ASCII, UTF8 and others.
When you want to display character information to the screen, you use a graphical layer to draw pixels representing the "character" (collection of bits with matching encoding) to the screen.
In one of the existing SSIS projects, I found a Condition Split with an expression of CODEPOINT(column)==26.
But I couldn't find what is the value "26" represents. When I searched the CODEPOINT for alphabet letters it starts from 65 and for 0-9 it starts from 45.
CODEPOINT Expresion merely states the following
Returns the Unicode code point of the leftmost character of a character expression
Exploring wikipedia turned up Unicode encodings
The first 128 Unicode code points, U+0000 to U+007F, used for the C0 Controls and Basic Latin characters and which correspond one-to-one to their ASCII-code equivalents
Sweet, putting that together and consulting the ASCII table allows me to determine that 26 is SUB/Substitute control character. Ctrl-Z for those really wanting to try this at home (and working under a Unix(tm) variant)