the functions (procedures) in MIPS - function

Question

I'm new in MIPS language and I don't understand how the functions (procedures) in the MIPS assembly language work. Here are but I will specify my problem :
What does:
jal
jr
$ra
mean in mips language and the important thing
How can we use them when we want to create a function or (procedure)?

Answer 1

Firstly, you might want to check this quick MIPS reference. It really helped me.
Secondly, to explain jal, jr and $ra. What jal <label> does is jump to the label label and store the program counter (think of it as the address of the current instruction) in the $ra register. Now, when you want to return from label to where you initially were, you just use jr $ra.
Here's an example:
.text
main:
li $t0, 1
jal procedure # call procedure
li $v0, 10
syscall
procedure:
li $t0, 3
jr $ra # return
You will notice when running this in a SPIM emulator that the value left in $t0 is 3, the one loaded in the so-called procedure.
Hope this helps.

Answer 2

1.the first two are instructions,the third it's kind of special register
jal=jump and link (Address of following instruction put in $ra,and jump to target address)
jr=jump to specify register
$ra=return address
we often use the instruction like this ...
jr $ra (Copy $ra to program counter)
it means return(jump) to the address saved in $ra .
2.
Here's an example function (procedure) in C
int main(){
x=addthem(a,b);
}
int addthem(int a, int b){
return a+b;
}
function in MIPS
.text
main: #assume value a is already in $t0, b in $t1
add $a0,$0,$t0 # it's the same function as move the value
add $a1,$0,$t1
jal addthem # call procedure
add $t3,$0,$v0 # move the return value from $v0 to where we want
syscall
addthem:
addi $sp,$sp,-4 # Moving Stack pointer
sw $t0, 0($sp) # Store previous value
add $t0,$a0,$a1 # Procedure Body
add $v0,$0,$t0 # Result
lw $t0, 0($sp) # Load previous value
addi $sp,$sp,4 # Moving Stack pointer
jr $ra # return (Copy $ra to PC)

Answer 3

You will want to read the System V Application Binary Interface, MIPS RISC Processor Supplement. This describes the conventions used for calling functions, in particular how the stack is managed and parameters are exchanged (there is no hardware stack in MIPS, everything is a matter of software conventions, and the ABI defines those conventions).
The document above assumes some basic knowledge of what MIPS instructions do, so you will also need the MIPS32 Architecture for Programmers, in particular volume II (instruction set), which describes the detailed effect of each instruction. But, do yourself a favor, download and read volume I (introduction) first.
The jal instruction is the "jump and link" opcode. It jumps at the target address (which is the address of the first opcode of the called procedure) while saving the current instruction pointer into the link register, which is register 31 (to be precise, it saves in register 31 the value x+8, where x is the address of the jal opcode itself).

Answer 4

jal: aka jump and link against any function name will redirect you to the required function.
jr $ra: It returns the value from a function that was called.
main function:
.data
x: .word 3 # initializing x to be 3
y: .word 5 # initializing y to be 5
answer: .word 0 # intialzing answer to be 0
prompt: .asciiz "Add X to Y: " # console prompt for final answer
.text
.globl main
.ent main
main:
lw $a0, x # pass arguments to function $a0 - x, $a1 - y
lw $a1, y
jal adds # adds function is called
sw $v0, answer # answer from the returned value
la $a0, prompt # displaying prompt on the console
li $v0, 4
syscall
lw $a0, answer # displaying final answer on the console
li $v0, 1
syscall
li $v0, 10 # end program
syscall
.end main
adds function:
.globl adds
.ent adds
adds: # adds function
li $v0, 0
add $v0, $a0, $a1 # adding arguments to the callee
jr $ra # return
.end adds